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Bancroft: AP1 > Test #2 - Class 2: Skeletal System: Structure and Function Essentials; Class 3: Axial skeleton: Skull, Hyoid and Ossicles > Flashcards

Test #2 - Class 2: Skeletal System: Structure and Function Essentials; Class 3: Axial skeleton: Skull, Hyoid and Ossicles Flashcards

1
Q

How many functions of bones are there?

A

5 functions

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A
  1. Support; 2. Protection; 3. Movement; 4. Storage; and 5. Blood Cell Formation
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3
Q

Bone Function: Support

A

Bone provides a framework for soft tissue (muscles, tendons and ligaments) to attach to.

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4
Q

Bone Function: Protection

A

The density of bone is protective of our internal organs.

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5
Q

Bone Function: Movement

A

Operating on a system of levers, when muscle shortens it pulls on bones to create movement at our joints.

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6
Q

Bone Function: Storage

A

Bone stores calcium and fat for the needs of the body.

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7
Q

Bone Function: Blood Cell Formation

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are formed in bone.

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8
Q

How many classifications for bone are there?

A

2 classifications

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9
Q

What are the 2 classifications for bone?

A
  1. By shape; and 2. By density.
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10
Q

How many bone densities are there?

A

2 densities

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11
Q

What are the 2 densities for bone?

A
  1. Compact; and 2. Spongy (Cancellous)
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12
Q

Bone Density: Compact

A

Dense bone with few if any holes in it.

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13
Q

What is compact bone good for?

A

It’s good for protection and support.

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14
Q

Bone Density: Spongy (Cancellous)

A

Bone with holes and spaces.

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15
Q

What is spongy bone good for?

A

It acts as a storage site for red bone marrow.

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16
Q

How many bone shapes are there?

A

6 shapes

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17
Q

What are the 6 bone shapes?

A
  1. Long Bones; 2. Short Bones; 3. Flat Bones; 4. Irregular Bones; 5. Sesamoid Bones; and 6. Wormian Bones
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18
Q

Bone Shape: Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide.

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19
Q

Where are long bones in the body?

A

Mostly in the extremities (except carpals and tarsals).

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20
Q

Bone Shape: Short Bones

A

Shorter than they are wide.

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21
Q

Where are short bones in the body?

A

Carpals and tarsals.

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22
Q

Bone Shape: Flat Bones

A

Are flat in shape.

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23
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

Scapula, ribs, skull and sternum.

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24
Q

Bone Shape: Irregular Bones

A

Are oddly shaped.

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25
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae and coxal.

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26
Q

Bone Shape: Sesamoid Bones

A

Small bones which are embedded in tendons to reduce friction and guide the movement of the tendon.

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27
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella (knee cap)

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28
Q

Bone Shape: Wormian Bones

A

Present in the fetal and newborn skull.

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29
Q

What is the function of wormian bone?

A

They act as a bridge between skull bones which have not completely fused.

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30
Q

Long Bone Structure: Diaphysis

A

The “shaft” of the bone.

It is made up of mostly compact bone. It has a hollow center. The nutrient foramen is a hole in any long bone. It serves as a pathway for blood vessels.

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31
Q

Long Bone Structure: Epiphysis

A

The “knobby” proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

The outside is made up of compact bone. The inside is made up of spongy bone.

Plural: epiphyses

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32
Q

Long Bone Structure: Epiphyseal Line

A

A tiny line between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

This is the location of bone growth in height through adolescence.

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33
Q

Long Bone Structure: Medullary Cavity

A

The hollow space within the diaphysis.

It acts as a storage site for yellow bone marrow.

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34
Q

Long Bone Structure: Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Is fatty connective tissue stored in the medullary cavity.

Serves as an alternative fuel source.

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35
Q

Long Bone Structure: Red Bone Marrow

A

Stored in spongy bone.

Immature blood cells in a gel-like consistency.

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36
Q

Long Bone Structure: Articular Cartilage

A

A glassy, smooth surface on the ends of long bones.

Made up of cartilage (hyaline). This reduces friction and allows for some shock absorbency.

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37
Q

Long Bone Structure: Periosteum

A

A dense connective tissue outer “skin” of a bone.

It covers the entire outside of the bone except where articular cartilage is located.

Loaded with nerve endings = sensitive!

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38
Q

How many functions of the periosteum are there?

A

3 functions

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39
Q

What are the 3 functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. Location of blood supply (provides nutrition) for the bone; 2. Location of growth in diameter; and 3. It serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments.
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40
Q

Long Bone Structure: Endosteum

A

The inner connective tissue lining of the medullary cavity.

Bone growth in diameter.

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41
Q

What is the wearing away of articular cartilage?

A

Osteoarthritis

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42
Q

What is the chemical composition of bone?

A

35% organic material (bone cells, proteins, blood vessels and nerves)

65% inorganic salts (calcium) and phosphorus

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43
Q

What gives bone its strength?

A

Calcium

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44
Q

What gives bone its flexibility?

A

Proteins

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45
Q

Bone markings are formed based on how many factors?

A

2 factors

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46
Q

What are the 2 factors that base the formation of bone markings?

A
  1. Calcium demands of the body: If we have too much calcium in our blood it can be stored in bone. If we have too little calcium in our blood we get more from bone.
  2. Mechanical stress: Wolf’s Law states that when mechanical stress is placed on bone, the bone thickens and gets stronger, this forms “bone markings”.
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47
Q

Bone Remodeling: Piezoelectric Property

A

When stress is placed on bone, a small electric current happens in the area. This causes bone cells called osteoblasts to become more active.

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48
Q

Bone Remodeling: Osteoblasts

A

Build bone by laying down calcium.

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49
Q

Bone Remodeling: Osteoclasts

A

Breakdown bone by releasing calcium.

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50
Q

The skeletal system is divided how many times?

A

2 divisions

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51
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Axial Skeleton (head & torso); and

2. Appendicular Skeleton (upper and lower extremities)

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52
Q

What makes up the Axial Skeleton?

A
  1. Skull; 2. Vertebral column; 3. Rib cage; and 4. Sternum
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53
Q

How many bones make up the Axial Skeleton?

A

80 bones

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54
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

22 bones

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55
Q

How many bones in the vertebral column?

A

26 bones

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56
Q

How many bones in the rib cage?

A

24 bones; or 12 pairs

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57
Q

How many bones in the sternum?

A

1 bone

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58
Q

How many bones in the Auditory Ossicles?

A

6 bones (3 in each ear/temporal bone)

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59
Q

How many bones in the Hyoid?

A

1 bone

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60
Q

What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton?

A
  1. Pectoral; 2. Upper extremity; 3. Pelvic; and 4. Lower extremity
61
Q

How many bones make up the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126 bones

62
Q

How many bones in the pectoral?

A

4 bones

63
Q

How many bones in the upper extremity?

A

60 bones; or 30 pairs

64
Q

How many bones in the pelvic?

A

2 bones

65
Q

How many bones in the lower extremity?

A

60 bones; or 30 pairs

66
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206 bones

67
Q

What is not included in the total number (206) of bones in the human body?

A

Sesamoid Bones (except the patella) and Wormian Bones

68
Q

Bone Markings: Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent (e.g. iliac crest)

69
Q

The prefix “epi” means…

A

Upon or above

70
Q

Bone Markings: Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone (e.g. sciatic notch)

A foramen is like a donut hole.

71
Q

Bone Markings: Meatus

A

A canal-like passageway (e.g. external auditory meatus; aka “ear canal”)

A meatus has length like a tunnel.

72
Q

Bone Markings: Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.

73
Q

What parts of the axial skeleton are the skull divided into?

A
  1. Cranial; and 2. Facial
74
Q

How many bones in the cranial division of the axial skeleton?

A

8 bones

75
Q

How many bones in the facial division of the axial skeleton?

A

14 bones

76
Q

List the 8 bones of the skull

A
  1. Frontal bone (1); 2. Parietal bones (2); 3. Occipital bone (1); 4. Temporal bones (2); 5. Sphenoid bone (1); and 6. Ethmoid bone (1)
77
Q

Cranial Bones: Frontal

A

(1) - Forehead; forms the roof of the orbits (eye sockets) and forms the anterior cranial floor.

78
Q

Cranial Bones: Parietal

A

(2) Form the superior, lateral, portion of the cranial cavity.

79
Q

Cranial Bones: Occipital

A

Forms posterior portion and floor of cranial cavity.

80
Q

How many bones markings on the occipital bone?

A

3 bone markings

81
Q

What are the 3 bone markings on the occipital bone?

A
  1. Foramen magnum (spinal cord hole); 2. External Occipital Protuberance (EOP; bump on the back of the head); and 3. Superior Nuchal Line (extends laterally just above the EOP)
82
Q

Cranial Bones: Temporal

A

(2) Forms the inferior, lateral portion of cranial cavity; Surrounds the ears.

83
Q

How many bone markings on the temporal bones?

A

3 bone markings

84
Q

What are the 3 bone markings on the temporal bones?

A
  1. Mandibular fossa (jaw sits in this depression and makes up 1/2 of the temporomandibular joint [TMJ]); 2. Mastoid Process (); and 3. External Auditory Meatus (“ear canal”; EAM)
85
Q

Cranial Bones: Sphenoid

A

(1) “Keystone” of the cranial floor. Touches (articulates with) every other cranial bone (temple)

Resembles a bat with outstretched wings

86
Q

Articulates with is synonymous with

A

Touches

87
Q

Cranial Bones: Ethmoid

A

(1) Makes up the internal framework of the nasal cavity. It’s thin and porous (fragile).

88
Q

How many bones markings on the ethmoid bone?

A

3 bone markings

89
Q

What are the 3 bone markings on the ethmoid bone?

A
  1. Perpendicular plate (makes up 1/2 of the nasal septum); 2. Superior nasal conchae; and 3. Middle nasal conchae (they turbinate (swirl) air in nasal cavity so that it can be warmed, moistened and filtered.
90
Q

How many sutures on the cranial bones of the axial skeleton?

A

4 sutures

91
Q

What are the 4 sutures of the cranial bones of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. Sagittal (separates the 2 parietal bones); 2. Coronal (lies between the frontal and 2 parietal bones); 3. Squamous sutures (they lie between the temporal and parietal bone on each side of the skull); and 4. Lambdoid (lies between the occipital and 2 parietal bones).
92
Q

What bones separate the sagittal suture?

A

Parietal bones

93
Q

What bones lie between the coronal suture?

A

Frontal bone and 2 parietal bones

94
Q

What bones lie between the squamous sutures?

A

Temporal bone and parietal bone

95
Q

What bones lie between the lambdoid suture?

A

Occipital and 2 parietal bones

96
Q

List the 14 bones of the face

A
  1. Mandible bone (1); 2. Maxillae bones (2); 3. Zygomatic bones (2); 4. Nasal bones (2); 5. Lacrimal bones (2); 6. Palatine bones (2); 7. Vomer bone (1); and 8. Inferior Nasal Conchae bones (2)
97
Q

Facial Bones: Mandible

A

(1) Lower jaw bone; largest facial bone

Largest and strongest facial bone

98
Q

How many bone markings on the mandible bone?

A

1 bone marking

99
Q

What is the bone marking on the mandible bone?

A
  1. Mandibular condyle (makes up 1/2 of the temporomandibular joint [TMJ])
100
Q

What makes up the temporomandibular joint?

A

Mandibular condyle (mandible) + Mandibular fossa (temporal) = temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

101
Q

Facial Bones: Maxillae

A

(2) Houses upper row of teeth. They articulate with every other facial bone except the mandible. Forms floor of the eye sockets. Forms lateral walls of nasal cavity.

Singular = Maxilla

102
Q

Facial Bones: Zygomatic

A

(2) Cheekbones; Also forms part of the floor of the eye sockets and lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

103
Q

Facial Bones: Nasal

A

(2) Make up boney portion of the external nose.

Eyeglasses rest on this bone.

104
Q

Facial Bones: Lacrimal

A

(2) House the tear ducts. Make up medial side of the eye socket. Tear ducts drain into nasal cavity.

105
Q

Facial Bones: Palatine

A

(2) Make up the posterior portion of the hard palate.

106
Q

Facial Bones: Vomer

A

(1) A plow-shaped bone making up the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

107
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A

Hard palate is made up of palatine and maxillae bones.

108
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

Nasal septum is made up of vomer bone and perpendicular plate (bone marking) of the ethmoid bone.

109
Q

Facial Bones: Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

(2) Lateral projections in the nasal cavity to warm, moisten and filter air.

Functions similarly as the superior and middle nasal conchae (bone markings) of the ethmoid bone.

110
Q

What are Paranasal Sinuses?

A

An open cavity within bone lined with mucous membranes.

111
Q

The prefix “para” means…

A

Around

112
Q

How many functions are there of the paranasal sinuses?

A

3 functions

113
Q

What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Lighten the weight of the skull; 2. Warm, moisten and filter air; and 3. Resonating chamber for speech
114
Q

How many locations for the paranasal sinuses?

A

4 locations

115
Q

What are the 4 locations of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal; 2. Ethmoid; 3. Sphenoid; and 4. Maxillary
116
Q

Axial Skeleton Division: How many Auditory Ossicles are there?

A

3 in each ear (6 total)

117
Q

Axial Skeleton Division: Where are the Auditory Ossicles located?

A

Temporal bones

118
Q

Axial Skeleton Division: Hyoid

A

(1) A horseshoe-shaped bone suspended in the upper, anterior cervical region. Attached to the temporal bone by ligaments. It’s attached to the voice box.

119
Q

Bone Markings: Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

120
Q

Bone Markings: Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only e.g. are on the femur)

121
Q

Bone Markings: Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

122
Q

What bone marking is less prominent than a crest?

A

A line

123
Q

What bone marking is more prominent than a line?

A

A crest

124
Q

Bone Markings: Tubercle

A

Small, rounded projection or process

125
Q

What similar bone marking is larger than a tubercle?

A

A tuberosity

126
Q

What similar bone marking is smaller than a tuberosity?

A

A tubercle

127
Q

Bone Markings: Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

128
Q

Bone Markings: Spine

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection (e.g. vertebra all have spinous processes down the vertebral column)

129
Q

Bone Markings: Process

A

Any bony prominence

130
Q

How many types of bone markings describe projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment?

A

8 bone markings

131
Q

What are the 8 bone markings that describe projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachments?

A
  1. Tuberosity; 2. Crest; 3. Trochanter; 4. Line; 5. Tubercle; 6. Epicondyle; 7. Spine; and 8. Process
132
Q

Bone Markings: Head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

133
Q

Bone Markings: Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

134
Q

Bone Markings: Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection

135
Q

Bone Markings: Ramus

A

Armlike bar of bone

136
Q

How many types of bone markings describe projections that help to form joints?

A

4 bone markings

137
Q

What are the 4 bone markings that describe projections that help to form joints?

A
  1. Head; 2. Facet; 3. Condyle; and 4. Ramus
138
Q

Bone Markings: Groove

A

Furrow (for passage of blood vessels and nerves)

139
Q

Bone Markings: Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening (for passage of blood vessels and nerves)

140
Q

Bone Markings: Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure (for passage of blood vessels and nerves)

141
Q

Bone Markings: Fossa

A

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

142
Q

How many types of bone markings describe depressions and openings?

A

7 bone markings

143
Q

What are the 7 bone markings that describe depressions and openings?

A
  1. Groove; 2. Fissure; 3. Foramen; 4. Notch; 5. Meatus; 6. Sinus; and 7. Fossa
144
Q

Bone Markings that begin with T are what category?

A

Projections or Processes

145
Q

Bone Markings that begin with F are what category?

A

Depressions or Cavities (except Facet)

146
Q

What are the only 2 paired bones of the skull?

A
  1. Parietal; and 2. Temporal
147
Q

What are the only 2 singular facial bones?

A
  1. Mandible; and 2. Vomer
148
Q

What are the 2 “keystone” bones of the skull?

A
  1. Sphenoid (cranial); and 2. Maxillae (facial)

Bancroft: AP1 (10 decks)

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