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Bancroft: AP1 > Test #10 - Class 18: Muscles 73-84; Class #19: Muscles 85-92; Class #20: Muscles 93-99 > Flashcards

Test #10 - Class 18: Muscles 73-84; Class #19: Muscles 85-92; Class #20: Muscles 93-99 Flashcards

1
Q

What pattern do the paraspinal (paravertebral) muscles exist in?

A

A staggered pattern from the occipital bone to the sacrum.

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2
Q

How many layers are the paraspinal (paravertebral) muscles arranged?

A

3 layers; all covered in a more superficial layer of back and neck muscles

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3
Q

What are the 3 most superficial layer of muscles covering the 3 layers of the paraspinal muscles?

A
  1. Trapezius; 2. Rhomboids; and 3. Latissimus Dorsi
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4
Q

How many deep layer of paraspinal muscles?

A

3 muscles

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5
Q

What are the 3 deep layer of paraspinal muscles?

A
  1. Intertransversarii; 2. Interspinales; and 3. Rotatores
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6
Q

How big are and how many joints do the deepest layer of the paraspinal muscles cross?

A

Very small muscles that only span 1 joint

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7
Q

Deep layer of the paraspinal muscles: Intertransversarii

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP (T.P. to T.P.)

O: Transverse process of inferior vertebrae

I: Transverse process of superior vertebrae

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8
Q

Deep layer of the paraspinal muscles: Interspinales

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP (S.P. to S.P.)

O: Spinous process of inferior vertebrae

I: Spinous process of superior vertebrae

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9
Q

Deep layer of the paraspinal muscles: Rotatores

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP (T.P. to S.P.)

O: Transverse processes of all vertebrae L5-C3

I: Spinous processes of next vertebrae superiorly

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10
Q

How many intermediate layer of paraspinal muscles?

A

2 muscles

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11
Q

What are the 2 intermediate layer of paraspinal muscles?

A
  1. Multifidus; and 2. Semispinalis
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12
Q

How big are and how many joints do the intermediate layer of the paraspinal muscles cross?

A

Slightly larger muscles which span 2-6 joints.

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13
Q

Intermediate layer of the paraspinal muscles: Multifidus

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP (T.P. to S.P.)

O: Sacrum & transverse processes of L5-T1

I: Spinous processes of all vertebrae

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14
Q

Intermediate layer of the paraspinal muscles: Semispinalis

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP

O: Transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae

I: Spinous processes from T4-C2, Occiptial bone between Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines

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15
Q

How many regions does Semispinalis have?

A

3 regions

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16
Q

What are the 3 regions of semispinalis?

A
  1. S. Capitis; 2. S. Cervicis; and 3. S. Thoracis

“Head, Neck and Torso”

S.N.L. down to S.P. T4; T.P. T1 down to T.P. T10

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17
Q

What is the only muscle on the sacrum?

A

Multifidis

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18
Q

How many superficial layer of paraspinal muscles?

A

3 muscles

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19
Q

What are the 3 superficial layer of paraspinal muscles?

A
  1. Spinalis; 2. Longissimus; and 3. Iliocostalis
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20
Q

What are the 3 superficial layer of paraspinal muscles collectively known as?

A

The Erector Spinae group.

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21
Q

How big are and how many joints do the superficial layer of the paraspinal muscles (aka the Erector Spinae) cross?

A

Longer muscles which span 8-10 joints.

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22
Q

What is the order of the Erector Spinae Group (from most lateral to most medial)?

A
  1. Iliocostalis; 2. Longissimus; and 3. Spinalis
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23
Q

What is the thoracolumbar aponeurosis?

A

A dense sheet of connective tissue which serves as an attachment for muscles of the low back and abdominal regions. It can be up to 1” thick.

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24
Q

Superficial layer of the paraspinal muscles/Erector Spinae Group: Iliocostalis

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP

O: Bodies of ribs 12-3

I: All ribs, transverse processes of C7-C4

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25
Q

Superficial layer of the paraspinal muscles/Erector Spinae Group: Longissimus

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP

O: Transverse processes of L5-C4

I: Transverse processes of all vertebrae from T12-C2, ribs and mastoid process

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26
Q

Superficial layer of the paraspinal muscles/Erector Spinae Group: Spinalis

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BACK, DEEP

O: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic and spinous process of C7

I: Spinouis processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae

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27
Q

What do the paraspinal muscles collectively act to do?

A

To hold bipeds upright against gravity.

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28
Q

What puts the paraspinal muscles in a constant state of stress?

A

They are always in a state of partial, sustained contraction to maintain and upright posture.

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29
Q

How many neck muscles?

A

6 muscles

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30
Q

What are the 6 neck muscles?

A
  1. Anterior Scalenes; 2. Middle Scalenes; 3. Posterior Scalenes; 4. Splenius Capitis; 5. Splenius Cervisis; and 6. Sternocleidomastoid
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31
Q

Neck Muscles: Anterior Scalenes

A

GL: LATERAL, NECK, SUPERFICIAL

O: Transverse processes of C3-C6

I: FIRST RIB

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32
Q

Neck Muscles: Middle Scalenes

A

GL: LATERAL, NECK, SUPERFICIAL

O: Transverse processes of C2-C7

I: FIRST RIB

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33
Q

Neck Muscles: Posterior Scalenes

A

GL: LATERAL, NECK, SUPERFICIAL

O: Transverse processes of C4-C6

I: SECOND RIB

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34
Q

Which scalene(s) insert on the 1st rib?

A
  1. Anterior and Middle Scalenes
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35
Q

Which scalene(s) insert on the 2nd rib?

A
  1. Posterior Scalenes
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36
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

A group of nerves emerging from the spinal cord to innervate the upper extremity.

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37
Q

Where does the brachial plexus run?

A

Between the anterior and middle scalenes.

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38
Q

What makes up the borders of the “Posterior Triangle”?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid (SCM); 2. Upper Trapezius; and 3. Clavicle
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39
Q

How many muscles are located within the Posterior Triangle?

A

6 muscles

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40
Q

What 6 muscles are located within the Posterior Triangle (from superior to inferior)?

A
  1. Semispinalis Capitis; 2. Splenius Capitis; 3. Levator Scapulae; 4. Posterior Scalenes; 5. Middle Scalenes; and 6. Anterior Scalenes
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41
Q

Neck Muscles: Splenius Capitis*

A

GL: Posterior, Neck, Intermediate

O: Ligament of Nuchae, Spinous processes of C7-T3

I: Mastoid process and Superior Nuchal Line of the occipital bone

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42
Q

Major Ligament: Ligamentum Nuchae (Nuchal Ligament)

A

Runs from the External Occipital Protuberance (EOP) of the occipital bone to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebra T1. Attachment point for muscles.

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43
Q

Neck Muscles: Splenius Cervisis*

A

GL: Posterior, Neck, Intermediate

O: Spinous processes of T3-T6

I: Transverse processes of C1-C3

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44
Q

Neck Muscles: Sternocleidomastoid*

A

GL: Anterior/Lateral, Neck, Superficial

O: 1) Sternal head: Manubrium; 2) Clavicular head: Medial 1/3 of the clavicle

I: Mastoid process, Superior Nuchal Line of the occipital bone

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45
Q

How many muscles of respiration?

A

3 muscles

46
Q

What are the 3 muscles of respiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm; 2. Internal Intercostals; and 3. External Intercostals
47
Q

Respiration Muscles: Diaphragm*

A

GL: Between the Thoracic and Abdominal cavities, Deep

O: Xiphoid Process, Costal cartilages of inferior 6 ribs and upper 3 lumbar vertebrae

I: Central tendon

48
Q

What function does the diaphragm perform?

A

It creates a seal between the thoracic and abdominal regions.

49
Q

What function does the central tendon perform?

A

It pulls down on the lungs to aid in inhalation

50
Q

Respiration Muscles: Internal Intercostals

A

GL: ANTERIOR/LATERAL/POSTERIOR, RIBS, DEEP

O: Lower rib

I: Upper rib

51
Q

Respiration Muscles: External Intercostals

A

GL: ANTERIOR/LATERAL/POSTERIOR, RIBS, DEEP

O: Upper rib

I: Lower rib

52
Q

How many abdominal muscles?

A

4 muscles

53
Q

What are the 4 abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Transverse Abdominis; 2. Rectus Abdominis; 3. Internal Oblique; and 4. External Oblique
54
Q

Abdominal Muscles: Transverse Abdominis

A

GL: ANTERIOR, ABDOMINAL, DEEP

O: Interior surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and 1/3 of the inguinal ligament

I: Linea alba via the aponeurosis of internal obliques, pubic crest and conjoint tendon

55
Q

Abdominal Muscles: Rectus Abdominis*

A

GL: Anterior, Abdominal, Superficial

O: Xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilages

I: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest of the pubis bone

56
Q

Abdominal Muscles: Internal Oblique

A

GL: ANTERIOR, ABDOMINAL, INTERMEDIATE

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest and lateral 1/2 of the inguinal ligament

I: Ribs 10-12, Linea Alba and Pubis

57
Q

Abdominal Muscles: External Oblique

A

GL: ANTERIOR, ABDOMINAL, SUPERFICIAL

O: Exterior surfaces of 5th-12th ribs

I: Linea alba and iliac crest of the ilium

58
Q

What muscle is the “6 pack”?

A

Rectus Abdominis

59
Q

Ligament: Linea Alba

A

Runs from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubis. Attachment site for abdominal muscle.

60
Q

Major Ligament: Inguinal Ligament

A

Runs from the coxal’s ASIS (ilium) to the pubic symphysis (pubis). Attachment site for abdominal muscle. Forms the roof of the femoral triangle. Also, lymph nodes are located here. Precautionary area for massage therapy.

61
Q

Which direction do the muscle fibers run for internal oblique?

A

///// \\\

“Hands in opposite pockets”

62
Q

Which direction do the muscle fibers run for external oblique?

A

\\\ /////

“Hands in pockets”

63
Q

How many pectoral and scapula muscles?

A

8 muscles

64
Q

What are the 8 pectoral and scapula muscles?

A
  1. Serratus Anterior; 2. Rhomboid Minor; 3. Rhomboid Major; 4. Levator Scapulae; 5. Trapezius; 6. Latissimus Dorsi; 7. Pectoralis Minor; and 8. Pectoralis Major
65
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Serratus Anterior*

A

GL: Lateral, Chest wall, Superficial

O: Lateral parts of ribs 1-8

I: Medial border of the scapula

66
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Rhomboid Minor*

A

GL: Posterior, Midback, Intermediate

O: Ligament of Nuchae and Spinous processes of C7 and T1

I: Root of the spine of the scapula

67
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Rhomboid Major*

A

GL: Posterior, Midback, Intermediate

O: Spinous processes of T2-T5

I: Medial border of the scapula from spine to inferior angle

68
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Levator Scapulae*

A

GL: Posterior, Neck/Shoulder, Intermediate

O: Transverse processes of C1-C4

I: Medial border (superior part) and superior angle of the scapula

69
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Trapezius*

A

GL: Posterior, Neck/Back, Superficial

O: Superior Nuchal Line, EOP, Ligament of Nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T12

I: Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula

70
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Latissimus Dorsi*

A

GL: Posterior, Back, Superficial

O: Spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs

I: Floor of the bicipital (intertubercular) groove of the humerus

71
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Pectoralis Minor

A

GL: ANTERIOR, CHEST, DEEP

O: Third, 4th and 5th ribs

I: Coracoid process of the scapula

72
Q

Pectoral & Scapula Muscles: Pectoralis Major*

A

GL: Anterior, Chest, Superficial

O: 1) Clavicular head: Medial 1/2 of the clavicle; 2) Sternocostal head: Sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages

I: Lateral lip of bicipital (intertubercular) groove of humerus

73
Q

What runs through the tarsal tunnel alongside Tom, Dick and Harry?

A

Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

74
Q

What is the sciatic nerve made up of?

A

Spinal nerves L4 through S3.Largest nerve in the body. Serves flutes, posterior thigh and entire leg. It branches just above the popliteal region into the tibial and common fibular nerves.

75
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Impingement of the sciatic nerve by soft tissue or bone. Occurs in the lower lumbar/upper sacral regions. Causes tingling, numbness, pain and eventual loss of use of the lower extremity.

76
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A

Impingement of the sciatic nerve through the greater sciatic notch by the piriformis muscle. Causes symptoms similar to sciatica.

77
Q

What is the 1 nerve involved in the Carpal Tunnel?

A

The median nerve. It is one nerve that is part of the Brachial Plexus group. It travels down the medial arm. Runs anterior to the medial epicondyle of the Humerus. It runs down the anterior forearm and through the carpal tunnel. It serves digits 1, 2, 3 and part of 4.

78
Q

What is the Brachial Plexus?

A

Consists of spinal nerves C5 through T1.

79
Q

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS?)

A

Through repetitive use of the flexors, inflammation develops within the carpal tunnel. This impinges the medial nerve which results in tingling, numbness, pain and eventual loss of use of the lateral hand (digits 1, 2, 3 and part of 4).

80
Q

How many Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip muscles?

A

“6 muscles”

“The Deep Six””

81
Q

“What is the mnemonic for ““the deep six””?”

A

Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts or

P-GO-GO-Q

82
Q

What are the 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip muscles?

A 
P - Piriformis
G - Gemellus Superior
O - Obturator Internus
G - Gemellus Inferior
O - Obturator Externus
Q - Quadratus Femoris
83
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Piriformis*

A

GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Deep

O: Anterior surface of the Sacrum

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur

84
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Gemellus Superior

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BUTTOCKS, DEEP

O: Ischial spine of the Ischium

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (medial surface)

85
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Obturator Internus

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BUTTOCKS, DEEP

O: Obturator membrane and surrounding bone

I: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the Femur

86
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Gemellus Inferior

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BUTTOCKS, DEEP

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (medial surface)

87
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Obturator Externus

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BUTTOCKS, DEEP

O: Margins of the Obturator Foramen of the Pubis and Ischium

88
Q

Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip: Quadratus Femoris

A

GL: POSTERIOR, BUTTOCKS, DEEP

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Quadrate tubercle of the Femur

89
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A
  1. Supraspinatus; 2. Infraspinatus; 3. Teres Minor; and 4. Subscapularis

“SITS”

90
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscle: Supraspinatus*

A

General Location: Posterior, Shoulder, Deep

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the Scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the Humerus (Superior facet)

91
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscle: Infraspinatus*

A

General Location: Posterior, Shoulder, Superficial

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the Scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the Humerus (Middle facet)

92
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscle: Teres Minor*

A

General Location: Posterior, Axilla, Superficial

Origin: Superior 1/2 of the Lateral border of the Scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the Humerus (Inferior facet)

93
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscle: Subscapularis*

A

General Location: Anterior, Scapula, Deep

Origin: Subscapular fossa of the Scapula

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the Humerus

94
Q

What 4 anterior thigh muscles make up the quadriceps?

A
  1. Vastus Intermedius; 2. Vastus Medialis; 3. Vastus Lateralis; and 4. Rectus Femoris
95
Q

What 1 anterior thigh muscle is not part of the quadriceps?

A
  1. Sartorius
96
Q

Anterior Comp. of the Thigh/Quadriceps: Vastus Intermedius*

A

GL: Anterior, Thigh, Deep

O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

97
Q

Anterior Comp. of the Thigh/Quadriceps: Vastus Medialis*

A

GL: Anterior/medial, Thigh, Superficial

O: Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

98
Q

Anterior Comp. of the Thigh/Quadriceps: Vastus Lateralis*

A

GL: Anterior/lateral, Thigh, Superficial

O: Greater trochanter and Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

99
Q

Anterior Comp. of the Thigh/Quadriceps: Rectus Femoris*

A

GL: Anterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: AIIS of the Ilium

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

100
Q

What is the common quadricep tendon?

A

Patella ligament

101
Q

Major Ligament: Patellar Ligament

A

Runs from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. Distal attachment for quadriceps.

102
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. Semimembranosus; 2. Semiteninosus; and 3. Biceps Femoris
103
Q

Posterior Comp. of the Thigh/Hamstrings: Semimembranosus*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Deep

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Posterior aspect of the Medial condyle of the Tibia

104
Q

Posterior Comp. of the Thigh/Hamstrings: Semitendinosus*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)

105
Q

Posterior Comp. of the Thigh/Hamstrings: Biceps Femoris*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: 1) Long Head: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium; 2) Short Head: Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Head of the Fibula

106
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. Pectineus; 2. Adductor Brevis; 3. Adductor Longus; 4. Adductor Magnus; and 5. Gracilis
107
Q

Medial Comp. of the Thigh: Pectineus

A

GL: MEDIAL, THIGH, INTERMEDIATE

O: Superior Ramus of the Pubis

I: Pectineal line of the Femur

108
Q

Medial Comp. of the Thigh: Adductor Brevis

A

GL: MEDIAL, THIGH, INTERMEDIATE

O: Inferior ramus of the Pubis

I: Pectineal line and Proximal part of the Linea Aspera of the Femur

109
Q

Medial Comp. of the Thigh: Adductor Longus

A

GL: MEDIAL, THIGH, INTERMEDIATE

O: Pubic Tubercle of the Pubis

I: Linea Aspera of the Femur

110
Q

Medial Comp. of the Thigh: Adductor Magnus*

A

GL: Medial, Thigh, Intermediate

O: Pubis, Ischium and Ischial tuberosity

I: Gluteal tuberosity, Linea Aspera and Adductor tubercle of the Femur

111
Q

Medial Comp. of the Thigh: Gracilis*

A

GL: Medial, Thigh, Superficial

O: Inferior Ramus of the Pubis

I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)

Bancroft: AP1 (10 decks)

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