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Bancroft: AP1 > Test #3 - Class 4: Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and Ribs; Class 5: Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle/Upper Extremeity > Flashcards

Test #3 - Class 4: Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and Ribs; Class 5: Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle/Upper Extremeity Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae in the Vertebral Column?

A

26 vertebrae

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2
Q

How many divisions in the Vertebral Column?

A

5 divisions

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3
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the Vertebral Column?

A
  1. Cervical; 2. Thoracic; 3. Lumbar; 4. Sacrum; and 5. Coccyx
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4
Q

How many vertebrae in the cervical division of the Vertebral Column?

A

7 vertebrae

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5
Q

What are the 7 vertebrae of the cervical division named?

A
  1. C1 or Atlas; 2. C2 or Axis; 3-7: C3…C7
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6
Q

Vertebral Column: Cervical

A

The smallest vertebrae. Allow greatest amount of movement. Spinous processes are “bifid” or forked for muscle attachments.

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7
Q

Cervical Vertebrae: C1

A

Known as Atlas, has no body or spinous process. It is a ring of bone, so you can move your nod your head “yes”.

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8
Q

Cervical Vertebrae: C2

A

Known as Axis, has a process called “dens” which is a finger-like projection of bone sticking straight up, so you can rotate your head side to side “no”.

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9
Q

Why are cervical vertebrae small in size?

A

Because they don’t support a lot of weight.

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10
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic division of the Vertebral Column?

A

12 vertebrae

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11
Q

What are the 12 vertebrae of the thoracic division named?

A

1-12: T1…T12

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12
Q

Vertebral Column: Thoracic

A

A little larger than cervical, supporting more weight. Less range of motion, because of rib attachments. Spinous processes tend to angle downward.

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13
Q

How many vertebrae in the lumbar division of the Vertebral Column?

A

5 vertebrae

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14
Q

What are the 5 vertebrae of the lumbar division named?

A

1-5: L1…L5

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15
Q

Vertebral Column: Lumbar

A

Most of us have 5, some have 6! Bigger in size than vertebral. Largest in size in the vertebral column, supporting a lot of weight. More range of motion than thoracic, but less than C-spine (or cervical). Spinous processes are hatchet shaped; squared off like an ax.

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16
Q

How many vertebrae in the sacral division of the Vertebral Column?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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17
Q

How many vertebrae in the coccyx division of the Vertebral Column?

A

4 fused vertebrae

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18
Q

Normal Curve of the Spine: Cervical

A

C-spine is posteriorly concave (curves inward)

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19
Q

Normal Curve of the Spine: Thoracic

A

T-spine is posteriorly convex (curves outward)

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20
Q

Normal Curve of the Spine: Lumbar

A

L-spine is posteriorly concave

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21
Q

Normal Curve of the Spine: Sacrum & Coccyx

A

Sacrum and Coccyx are posteriorly convex

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22
Q

How does the human spine achieve it’s S-shape?

A

In vitro, the whole spine is posteriorly convex. When the head is lifted the C-spine becomes concave. When the body stands, the L-spine becomes concave. The sacrum and coccyx remain convex because they are fused.

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23
Q

How many pathological curves of the spine?

A

3 pathological curves of the spine

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24
Q

What are the 3 pathological curves of the spine?

A
  1. Scoliosis; 2. Kyphosis; and 3. Lordosis
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25
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curves of the vertebral column.

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26
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Posterior convex curve, or exaggerated thoracic curve (e.g. humpback)

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27
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Posterior concave curve, or exaggerated lumbar curve (e.g. swayback or bubble butt)

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28
Q

What does structural pathology refer to?

A

“Born that way”

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29
Q

What does functional pathology refer to?

A

Occurs due to repetitive use or poor posture.

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30
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Body

A

Anteriorly located. Supports the weight. Roughened surface (to keep discs from slipping out).

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31
Q

Why is the surface of the body of the typical vertebrae roughened?

A

To keep discs from slipping out.

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32
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Vertebral Foramen

A

Hole for the spinal cord.

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33
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Intervertebral Foramen

A

Lateral hole which is created between adjacent vertebrae. Passageway for spinal nerves.

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34
Q

What does “inter” refer to?

A

Between

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35
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Transverse Process

A

(2) - Lateral projection off the vertebrae which serve as muscle and ligament attachment sites as well as rib attachments.

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36
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Spinous Process

A

(1) - Posterior projection off the vertebrae. Serves as a muscle and ligament attachment site.

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37
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Lamina Groove

A

Channel created between spinous and transverse processes. Muscles, tendons and ligaments are located here.

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38
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Articulating Facets

A

Flat surfaces on the vertebrae which meet up with the flat surfaces on the vertebrae above and below to form a joint.

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39
Q

What does “articulating” refer to?

A

Where bones come together and touch

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40
Q

What does “facet” refer to?

A

Flat surface of bone

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41
Q

Typical Vertebrae: Intervertebral Disc

A

A fibrocartilage pad sitting between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They allow for movement and some shock absorbency.

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42
Q

How many regions within an Intervertebral Disc?

A

2 regions

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43
Q

What are the 2 regions within an Intervertebral Disc?

A
  1. Nucleus pulposus; and 2. Annulus fibrosus.
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44
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Nucleus Pulposus

A

Soft, gel-like center made up of mostly water

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45
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Annulus Fibrosus

A

The outer region made up of a dense collection of collagen fibers.

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46
Q

How many pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists) of the vertebral column?

A

4 pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists)

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47
Q

What are the 4 pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists) of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Herniated disc (slipped, bulging); 2. Ruptured disc; 3. Nerve root impingement; and 4. Subluxation
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48
Q

What is a herniated disc (slipped, bulging)?

A

Occurs when nucleus pulposus pushes out into annulus fibrous.

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49
Q

What is a ruptured disc?

A

Occurs when the nucleus pulposus erupts through the annulus fibrosus.

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50
Q

What is nerve root impingement?

A

Compression of a spinal nerve due to soft tissue or bone.

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51
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Vertebrae out of alignment.

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52
Q

What bones make up the bony thorax?

A
  1. Sternum; and 2. Ribs
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53
Q

How many regions of the sternum?

A

3 regions

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54
Q

What are the 3 regions of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium; 2. Body; and 3. Xiphoid process
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55
Q

Sternum: Manubrium

A

Superior portion of the sternum.

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56
Q

Sternum: Body

A

Mid portion of the sternum.

57
Q

Sternum: Xiphoid Process

A

Inferior portion of the sternum.

58
Q

How many bones in the sternum?

59
Q

How many ribs?

A

12 pairs (or 24 total)

60
Q

How many types of ribs?

61
Q

What are the 3 types of ribs?

A
  1. True ribs; 2. False ribs; and 3. Floating ribs
62
Q

Ribs: True Ribs

A

Pairs 1-7: Directly attach to the sternum.

63
Q

Ribs: False Ribs

A

Pairs 8-12: Don’t attach directly to the sternum (8-10 attach via cartilage to rib 7, the last true rib)

64
Q

Ribs: Floating Ribs

A

Pairs 11 and 12: Don’t wrap all the way around; they “float” in the abdomen.

65
Q

Where do ribs attach?

A

Not all ribs attach in the front, but all ribs attach in the back.

All ribs attach posteriorly to the vertebrae at the transverse process and body.

66
Q

What does it mean to palpate?

A

To examine or explore by touching (an organ or area of the body), usually as a diagnostic aid.

67
Q

What are the 3 skills involved in palpating?

A
  1. Locating a structure; 2. Becoming Aware of its characteristics; and 3. Assessing its quality or condition
68
Q

Palpation: Mastoid Process

A

Bone marking on the temporal bone posterior to the external auditory meatus

69
Q

Palpation: External Occipital Protuberance

A

Bone marking on the posterior occipital bone Bump on the back of the skull

70
Q

Palpation: External Auditory Meatus

71
Q

Palpation: Mandibular condyle

A

Jaw bone; part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) where i meats the mandiubular fossa on the temporal bone; anterior to the external auditory meatus

72
Q

Palpation: Spinous process of C7

A

Flex head, last cervical vertebrae, T1 is fixed in location; C7 will fall away as head is lifted

73
Q

Palpation: Spinous process of T7

A

Put hand behind back to emphasize the scapula; follow inferior angle medially to spine to locate T7

74
Q

Palpation: Spinous process of L4

A

Locate iliac crest and follow posteriorly and medially to the spine to locate L4

75
Q

Palpation: Spinous process of L5

A

Travel inferiorly 1 vertebra to locate L5

76
Q

Palpation: Sacrum

A

Travel inferiorly 1 vertebra to locate the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

77
Q

What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton?

A
  1. The Pectoral Girdle; 2. The Upper Extremities (Upper Limbs); 3. The Pelvic Girdle; and 4. The Lower Extremities (Lower Limbs)
78
Q

How many bones make up the Pectoral Girdle?

79
Q

What are the 4 bones of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Scapula (2); and 2. Clavicle (2)
80
Q

How many bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?

81
Q

The pectoral girdle refers to what?

A

The Shoulder (collar bone/clavicle + shoulder blades/scapula)

82
Q

How many bones in the upper extremity?

A

30 per limb (or 60 total)

83
Q

Where does the Upper Extremity attach?

A

The clavicle

84
Q

Does the scapula attach to the ribs?

85
Q

Why does the upper extremity only attach at one point?

A

Greater range of motion

86
Q

Where does the clavicle attach to the sternum?

A

The manubrium

87
Q

What is the only bony attachment of the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?

A

The clavicle attaches to the manubrium of the sternum.

88
Q

How many bone markings on the scapula?

A

12 bone markings

89
Q

What are the 12 bone markings of the scapula?

A
  1. Spine; 2. Acromion; 3. Glenoid cavity (or fossa); 4. Medial border (or vertebral border); 5. Lateral border (or axillary border); 6. Superior border; 7. Inferior angle; 8. Superior angle; 9. Infraspinous fossa; 10. Supraspinous fossa; 11. Subscapular fossa; and 12. Coracoid process
90
Q

Scapula: Spine

A

No muscle on top of it. Runs from the medial border to the acromion.

91
Q

Scapula: Acromion

A

Most lateral edge of scapula is flat.

92
Q

Scapula: Glenoid cavity (or Glenoid fossa)

A

A shallow depression on the lateral scapula that forms 1/2 of the shoulder joint.

93
Q

Scapula: Medial border (or Vertebral border)

A

Runs superior to inferior angle

94
Q

Scapula: Lateral border (or Axillary border)

A

Runs from inferior angle to glenoid cavity.

95
Q

Scapula: Superior border

A

Runs from superior angle to glenoid cavity.

96
Q

Scapula: Inferior angle

A

Lowest point/tip of scapula.

97
Q

Scapula: Superior angle

A

Highest point/tip of scapula.

98
Q

Scapula: Infraspinous fossa

A

Shallow depression below spine of scapula.

99
Q

What does “infra” refer to?

100
Q

Scapula: Supraspinous fossa

A

Shallow depression “above” spine of scapula.

101
Q

What does “supra” refer to?

102
Q

Scapula: Subscapular fossa

A

Shallow depression on the anterior scapula facing the ribs.

103
Q

What does “sub” refer to?

104
Q

Scapula: Coracoid process (Bird’s beak)

A

A pointy projection just along the underside of the clavicle.

105
Q

What are the 60 bones of the Upper Extremity (UE)?

A
  1. Humerus (2); 2. Ulna (2); 3. Radius (2); 4. Carpals (16); Metacarpals (10); Phalanges (28)
106
Q

UE: Humerus

A

(2) - Brachial region (arm)

107
Q

How many bone markings on the humerus?

A

8 bone markings

108
Q

What are the 8 bone markings on the humerus?

A
  1. Head; 2. Greater tubercle; 3. Lesser tubercle; 4. Bicipital groove; 5. Deltoid tuberosity; 6. Medial epicondyle; 7. Lateral epicondyle; 8. Lateral supracondylar ridge
109
Q

Humerus: Head

A

Proximal rounded region covered with articular cartilage. Forms 1/2 of the shoulder joint.

110
Q

Humerus: Greater tubercle

A

Proximal, lateral humerus. Has 3 facets just distal to the acromion.

111
Q

Humerus: Lesser tubercle

A

Proximal, anterior humerus.

112
Q

Humerus: Bicipital groove

A

Lies between the greater and lesser tubercles on the proximal humerus.

113
Q

Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity

A

A roughened region on the lateral humerus about 1/2 way down.

114
Q

Humerus: Medial and Lateral epicondyles

A

Distal end of humerus. They are the 2 prominent bumps felt on the distal medial and lateral humerus with fixed elbows.

115
Q

What does “epi” refer to?

116
Q

Humerus: Lateral supracondylar ridge

A

A sharp ridge of bone which runs proximal from the lateral epicondyle to the deltoid tuberosity.

117
Q

UE: Ulna

A

(2) - Medial forearm, larger bone

118
Q

UE: Radius

A

(2) - Lateral forearm, smaller bone

119
Q

UE: Ulna + Radius

120
Q

How many bone markings on the ulna?

A

2 bone markings

121
Q

What are the 2 bone markings on the ulna?

A
  1. Olecranon process; and 2. Styloid process
122
Q

Ulna: Olecranon process

A

Elbow; located on the proximal posterior ulna

123
Q

Ulna: Styloid process

A

The distal end of the ulna

124
Q

How many bone markings on the radius?

A

3 bone markings

125
Q

What are the 3 bone markings on the radius?

A
  1. Head; 2. Radial tuberosity; and 3. Styloid process
126
Q

Radius: Head

A

The proximal, disc-shaped region

127
Q

Radius: Radial tuberosity

A

Proximal, medial radius (just distal to the head)

128
Q

Radius: Styloid process

A

Very distal end of radius.

129
Q

UE: Interosseus membrane

A

Holds the radius and ulna together and serves as an attachment site for muscles.

130
Q

UE: Carpals

A

(16) - Wrist - 2 rows of bones (proximal and distal; lateral [thumb side] to medial)

131
Q

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

A 
Proximal:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform

Distal:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
132
Q

UE: Metacarpals

A

(10) - Hand bones; numbered 1-5 thumb side first

133
Q

UE: Phalanges

A

(28) - Digits; proximal, intermediate and distal phalanx

134
Q

UE: How many major joints in the upper extremity?

A

3 major joints

135
Q

What are the 3 major joints of the upper extremity?

A
  1. Shoulder; 2. Elbow; and 3. Wrist
136
Q

Shoulder joint:

A

Head of humerus + glenoid cavity of scapula.

137
Q

Elbow joint:

A

Distal humerus + proximal ulna + proximal radius

138
Q

Wrist joint:

A

Distal radius + scaphoid carpal + lunate carpal

Bancroft: AP1 (10 decks)

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