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Cadiopulmonary Medicine > Test 5 Ch. 26 Cancer of the Lung > Flashcards

Test 5 Ch. 26 Cancer of the Lung Flashcards

1
Q

This is a general term that refers to abnormal new tissue growth characterized by the progressive, uncontrolled multiplication of cells

A

Cancer

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2
Q

A neoplasm or tumor is defined as an

A

abnormal growth of new cells

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3
Q

Do not endanger life unless they interfere w/ the normal functions of other organs or affect a vital organ

A

Benign tumors

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4
Q

Benign tumors grow ________ and push aside _______ tissue but do not ______ it.

A

slowly;
normal;
invade

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5
Q

Benign tumors are not

A

invasive or metastatic and are usually encapsulated

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6
Q

These tumors are composed of embryonic, primitive, or poorly differentiated cells

A

Malignant tumors

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7
Q

Malignant tumors grow in a

A

disorganized manner and so rapidly

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8
Q

What are associated with malignant tumor (3)

A
  • necrosis
  • ulceration
  • cavity formation
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9
Q

MT also invade

A

surrounding tissues and may metasize

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10
Q

MT mostly originate in the epithelium of the

A

TB tree

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11
Q

A tumor that origanets in the bronchial tree is called

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

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12
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma is interchangeable with

A

lung cancer

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13
Q

Pathologic and structural changes associated w/ bronchogenic carcinoma (7)

A
  • Inflammation, swelling, and destruction of the bronchial airways
  • Excessive mucous production
  • Airway obstruction
  • Atelectasis
  • Alveolar consolidation
  • Cavity formation
  • Pleural effusion
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14
Q

Lung cancer is the _________ most common cause of cancer in men and women

A

second

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

A

Cigarette smoking

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16
Q

Lung cancer is the ___________ cause of cancer death

A

leading

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17
Q

Who gets it more black men or white men?

A

Black men

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18
Q

Who gets it more often in women?

A

White women

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19
Q

Heavy smokers are how much likely to develop lung cancer

A

64 times

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20
Q

About how much % of lung cancer deaths are thought to be caused by smoking?

A

80%

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21
Q

What is the second leading cause of lung cause

A

Radon exposure

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22
Q

This is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced from the breakdown of of uranium in the soil and rocks

A

Radon

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23
Q

________ radon is not likely to be dangerous, however, __________ radon can be more concentrated and therefore risks the chances of lung cancer

A

Outdoor;
Indoor

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24
Q

Other cancer-causing agents

A
  • Asbestos
  • Radioactive ores
  • Inhaled chemicals or minerals
  • Disease exhaust
  • Air pollution
  • Arsenic in drinking water
  • Radiation therapy to the lungs
  • Personal or family history of lung cancer
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25
Q

Bronchogenic carcinomas can be divided into two major categories

A
  • non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)
  • small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
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26
Q

The NSCLC can be subdivided into 3 types of lung cancer (SAL)

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma
  2. adenocarcinoma (including bronchial alveolar cell carcinoma)
  3. large cell carcinoma
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27
Q

The SCLC category is composed of (3) (SCM)

A
  1. small cell carcinoma (oat cell carcinoma)
  2. combined small cell carcinoma
  3. a mixture of SCLC and NSCLC
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28
Q

Which cancer group spreads aggressively and responds best to chemo and radiation therapy

A

SCLC

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29
Q

SCLC occurs almost exclusively in __________ and accounts for ___% to ___% of all lung cancers

A

smokers;
10% to 20%

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30
Q

This cancer group is more common and accounts for 75% to 85%

A

NSCLC

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31
Q

How is NSCLC treated?

A

Removed surgically

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32
Q

This constitutes about 25% to 30% of bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma

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33
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma tumor has a slow growth and

A

late metazoic tendency

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34
Q

Squamous tends to be __________ and tend not to ___________ until _____ in the disease process

A

localized;
metastasize;
late

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35
Q

squamous cell carcinoma can be treated w/ ___________ ___________ if it has not metasized

A

surgical resection

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36
Q

this cancer arises from mucous glands of the TB tree

A

Adenocarcinoma (bronchial alveolar carcinoma)

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37
Q

Adenocarcinoma accounts for about

A

40% of all lung cancers

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38
Q

This is not associated w/ smoking and is the most common lung cancel in pts who have never smoked

A

Adenocarcinoma

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39
Q

Adenocarcinoma growth rate is

A

moderate and metazoic tendency is early

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40
Q

Adenocarcinoma secondary

A

cavity formation and pleural effusion are common

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41
Q

If Adenocarcinoma is discovered early then,

A

surgical resection is possible in a high percentage of cases

42
Q

This cancer accounts for 10% to 15% of all lung cancers

A

Large cell carcinoma (undifferentiated)

43
Q

Large cell carcinoma has a

A

rapid growth rate and early and widespread metastasis

44
Q

Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma accounts for __% to ___% of all lung cancers

A

10% to 20%

45
Q

oat cell cancer grows

A

very rapidly becoming very large and metastasizes early

46
Q

The average survival time for untreated small cell carcinoma is about

A

1 to 3 months

47
Q

How much % does pts respond to treatment in small cell carcinoma?
Nearly all relapse in how long?

A

90%;
24 months

48
Q

Small cell carcinoma has the strongest correlation w/

A

cigarette smoking and has the worst prognosis

49
Q

A type of cancer that starts in the lungs

A

lung carcinoid tumor (lung carcinoids)

50
Q

Lung carcinoid cancers are

A

uncommon and tend to grow slower

51
Q

Lung carcinoids account for about ___% to ___% of all lung cancers

A

1% to 2%

52
Q

How can Carcinoids be also classified?

A

Based on where they were found in the lungs

53
Q

Central carcinoids are found in the walls of the large bronchi near the

A

center of the lungs

54
Q

Peripheral carcinoids are found in the smaller bronchioles towards the

A

periphery of the lungs

55
Q

Cancer that begins in other parts of the body, such as the breast, pancreas, kidney, or skin. can metastasize to the lungs

A

Cancer that’s spreads to the lungs

56
Q

Treatment for metastatic cancer of the lungs is based on

A

where the cancer originated

57
Q

Unfortunately most lung cancers are not diagnosed until the pt

A

presents w/ symptoms that suggest lung cancer

58
Q

What are some symptoms associated w/ lung cancer (8)

A
  1. a progressively worsening cough that often includes bloody or rust-colored sputum
  2. chest pain, especially w/ deep breathing, coughing, or laughing
  3. hoarse voice
  4. poor appetite and weight loss
  5. SOB
  6. Fatigue
  7. Frequent bronchial infections or PNA episodes
  8. the sudden onset of wheezing
59
Q

When lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body the pt may have symptoms of cancer (4)

A
  1. bone pain ( hips or back)
  2. neurologic problems (headache, arm and leg weakness or numbness, dizziness or balance seizures)
  3. Jaundice
  4. enlarged lymph nodes (neck, axillae, mediastinum)
60
Q

The primary goal of these diagnostic procedures is to (3)

A
  1. confirm the presence of a lung carcinoma
  2. establish the cancer cell type
  3. confirm the stage of the cancer
61
Q

Imagining for Lung Cancer (5)

A
  1. Chest radiography
  2. CT scan
  3. PET scan
  4. MRI
  5. Bone scan
62
Q

Diagnostic tests for Lung cancer (7)

A
  1. Sputum cytology
  2. Bronchoscopy
  3. Navigational bronchoscopy
  4. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
  5. Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound
  6. Thoracentesis
  7. VATS
63
Q

Analysis Tissue Biopsy Samples (3)

A
  1. Immunohistochemistry
  2. Molecular test
  3. Complete blood count (CBC)
64
Q

The most commonly used classification tool to stage NSCLC is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) ______ system

A

TNM system

65
Q

The staging of cancer is determined by a combination of

A

T: Represents the size and location of the primary tumor
N: Denotes the regional lymph node involvement
M: The extent of metastasis

66
Q

There are how many stages of lung cancers?

A

5;
Stage 0, I, II, III, IV

67
Q

SCLC is staged differently from non-small cell cancer it is usually classified as a (2)

A
  • limited-stage
  • extensive stage
68
Q

When the cancer is confined to only one lung and its neighboring lymph nodes. What stage is this in SCLC?

A

Limited stage

69
Q

The cancer has spread beyond one lung and nearby lymph nodes. What stage is this in SCLC?

A

Extensive stage

70
Q

Clinical manifestation for lung cancer (3)

A
  • atelectasis
  • alveolar consolidation
  • excessive bronchial secretions
71
Q

Vitals signs (3)

A

Increased RR
Increased HR
Increased BP

72
Q

Chest assessment findings (2)

A
  • crackles
  • wheezing
73
Q

Depending on where the malignancy originates the PFT result may show a

A

restrictive or obstructive values

74
Q

When the malignancy obstructs the ________ airways the PFTs shows ___________

A

major;
obstructive

75
Q

When large amounts of pulmonary tissue, chest wall, and/or diaphragm are involved (extensive adenocarcinoma) PFT may show

A

restrictive

76
Q

Chest Xrays (6)

A
  • Small oval coin lesions
  • Large irregular mass
  • Alveolar consolidation
  • Atelectasis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Involvement of the mediastinum or diaphragm
77
Q

What scan is used to rule out a possible cancerous area identified on either a chest xray or CT

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

78
Q

PET scans shows a

A

“hot spot”

79
Q

When a small cell carcinoma is protruding the airway what can be done to help hold the airway open?

A

A wire stent

80
Q

What are some surgically procedures for NSCLC (5)

A
  • Pneumonectomy
  • Lobectomy
  • Segmentectomy or wedge resection
  • Sleeve resection
  • Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
81
Q

The entire lung is removed in this surgery

A

Pneumonectomy

82
Q

An entire section (lobe) of a lung is removed during surgery

A

Lobectomy

83
Q

A part of a lobe is removed in this surgery

A

Segmentectomy or wedge resection

84
Q

Entails the removal of some tumors in the large airways. The airway is completely cut above and below the tumor, and the shortened airway is reached

A

Sleeve resection

85
Q

May be used to treat early-stage lung cancer that is located in the pleura and peripheral parts of the lungs. They require a smaller incision than a thoracotomy

A

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

86
Q

This may be used for some small lung tumors near the outer edge of the lungs, uses high-energy radio waves to heat the tumor

A

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

87
Q

This uses high-intensity rays to kill cancer cells

A

Radiation Therapy

88
Q

This treatment uses anticancer agents that can be injected into a vein or taken orally

A

Chemotherapy

89
Q

Chemotherapy may be used to (4)

A
  1. before surgery (to help shrink a tumor)
  2. after surgery
  3. along w/ radiation therapy
  4. as the primary therapy
90
Q

SCLC treatment includes (3)

A
  1. chemotherapy
  2. radiation therapy
  3. surgery (rarely a treatment option for SCLC)
91
Q

Respiratory Protocols for Lung Cancer (4)

A
  • Oxygen Therapy
  • Airway Clearance
  • Lung Expansion
  • Aerosolized Medication
92
Q

Questions from the back
Which of the following cancers is commonly located near a central bronchus or hills and projects into the large bronchi?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

93
Q

Which of the following arises from the mucous glands of the TB tree

A

Adenocarcinoma

94
Q

Which of the following carcinomas has the strongest correlation w/ cigarette smoking

A

Small cell carcinoma

95
Q

Which of the following cancers has the fastest growth (doubling) rate

A

Small cell carcinoma

96
Q

Which of the following are associated w/ bronchogenic carcinoma

A
  • Alveolar consolidation
  • Pleural effusion
  • Atelectasis
97
Q

Where do most carcinomas tumors originate?
And what % start in the lungs?

A

Lungs;
30%

98
Q

Some stages of cancer subdivides into __ and __. This process is called _______ ___________

A

A and B;
Stage grouping

99
Q

The lower the stage, the……

A

Better the prognosis

100
Q

Inspection for Lung cancer

A
  • cyanosis
  • cough, sputum production and hemoptysis

Cadiopulmonary Medicine (24 decks)

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