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Cadiopulmonary Medicine > Other Important Tests and Procedures Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Other Important Tests and Procedures Ch. 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

The healthy man has about ___ million RBC’s

A

5

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3
Q

Another word for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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4
Q

The major functions of the WBC’s are to

A
  1. fight against infection
  2. defend the body by phagocytosis against foreign substances
  3. produce antibodies in the immune response
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5
Q

WBC’s have average

A

5,000 to 10,000

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6
Q

There are two types of WBC’s

A

Granular and Nongranular leukocytes

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7
Q

Granulocytes present in their cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

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8
Q

Granulocytes are divided into 3 types of groups

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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9
Q

Make up 60% to 70% of the total number of WBC’s

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Make up 2% to 4% of the total number of WBC’s

A

Eosinophils

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11
Q

Make up only about 0.5% to 1% of the total WBC’s

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Activated by allergies

A

Eosinophils

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13
Q

Primary cellular defense against bacterial organisms through a process of phagocytsis; Bacterial infection, inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Ingestion of foreign material is called

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

Considered to be phagocytic and contains heparin, histamines, and serotonin; Myeloprolifeative disorders (blood)

A

Basophils

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16
Q

2 groups for Nongranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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17
Q

They do not contain granules

A

Nongranular leukocytes

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18
Q

The largest of the WBC’s and make up 3% to 8%

A

Monocytes

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19
Q

Make up 20% to 25% of WBC’s (cyte)

A

Lymphocytes

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20
Q

seen in chronic infections and malignancies

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Seen in viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

Lymphocytes can be divided into two categories:

A

B cells and T cells

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23
Q

Makes up 10% to 30% of the total lymphocytes

A

B cells

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24
Q

Makes up 70% to 90% of the total lymphocytes

A

T cells

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25
Q

Formed in the bone marrow, further divide into either plasma cells or memory cells

A

B cells

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26
Q

Formed in the thymus

A

T cells

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27
Q

_________ are the smallest of the formed elements in the blood

A

Platelets

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28
Q

What is a another word for platelets

A

Thombocytes

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29
Q

Platelets are described as

A

round or oval, flattened, and disk- shaped in appearance

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30
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

Bone marrow

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31
Q

What is the normal platelet count is

A

150,000 to 350,000 mm3

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32
Q

A low platelet count is called

A

Thrombocytopenia

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33
Q

From the back of chapter

In the healthy woman, what is the hematocrit percentage?

A

42%

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34
Q

Which of the following represent the primary defense against bacterial organism through phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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35
Q

What is the hb value for men?

A

14 to 16 g%

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36
Q

What percent of the normal WBC count are neutrophils?

A

60% to 70%

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37
Q

In the healthy man , what is the RBC count?

A

5,000,000/ mm3

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38
Q

What is the normal WBC count?

A

5,000 to 10,000/ mm3

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39
Q

Which of the following are activated by allergies ( such as an allergic asthmatic episodes?

A

Eosinophils

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40
Q

Various clinical procedures such as bronchoscopy or the insertion of an arterial catheter are generally safe when the platelet count is no lower than which of the following?

A

50,000/ mm3

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41
Q

Which of the following are associated with hyperglycemia? (4)

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Myocardial infraction
  • Thiazide and loop diuretics
  • Acute infection
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42
Q

Which of the following are clinical manifestations associated with hyponatremia

A
  • Seizures
  • Confusion
  • Muscle twitching
  • Abdominal cramps
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43
Q

This can be obtained by expectoration tracheal suction or bronchoscopy

A

Sputum examination

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44
Q

Gram negative organism examples

A

Klebsiella
pseudiomans
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella pneumophial

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45
Q

Gram- Positive organism examples

A

Streptoccus (80% of all bacterial pneumonias)
Staphyloccus

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46
Q

Viral Organism examples

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Respiratory syncytial virus

47
Q

Acute infection is what color sputum

A

Yellow

48
Q

Bronchial astma sputum

A

Thick, stringy and white mucoid

49
Q

Presence of old blood, fresh blood

A

Brown or red

50
Q

A sample for _____________ ___________ can be obtained by expectoration, tracheal suction, bronchoscopy

A

sputum examination

51
Q

This test is performed to diagnose bacterial infection, select an antibiotic, and evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy and takes 48 to 72 hours

A

culture and sensitivity study

52
Q

This is perfumed to classify bacteria into gram- negative or gram- positive, and is a faster test

A

gram staining

53
Q

gram negative is
gram positive is

A

pink; purple

54
Q

Cytology is defined as

A

the study of cells

55
Q

This is performed to determine the presence of acid fast bacilli and is done with 3 early morning sputum samples(TB)

A

acid- fast smear and culture

56
Q

A _______ test is done to identify allergic reactions or exposure to TB

A

skin test

57
Q

A positive skin test results indicates

A

the patient has been exposed to the antigen but does not mean the pt has that active disease

58
Q

A negative test result indicates

A

the patient has had no exposures to the antigen

59
Q

3 mm >means,
and will need the following test perform to clarify that

A

positive; 2nd skin test, blood test, chest X-ray

60
Q

Bronchoscopy can be

A

diagnostics or therapeutic

61
Q

Performed when an infectious disease is suspected and not otherwise diagnosed or obtain a lung biopsy sample when the abnormal lung tissue is located on or new the bronchi

A

diagnostic bronchoscopy

62
Q

Involves injecting a small amount (30 mL) of sterile saline through the bronchoscope and withdrawing the fluid the examinations

A

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

63
Q

This used to diagnose Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

BAL

64
Q

Therapeutic bronchoscopy includes

A
  1. suctioning of excessive secretions or mucous plugs, especially when lung atelectasis is present
  2. removal of foreign bodies or malignant lesions obstructioning airways
    3.selective lavage
  3. management of life- threatening hemoptysis
65
Q

Performed during a bronchoscopy to help establish the stage on lung cancer

A

endobronchial ultrasounds (EBUS)

66
Q

This test is used to inspect and perform biopsy of lymph nodes in the anterior mediastinal area…. and is used to diagnose

A

Mediastinoscopy; carcinoma, granulomatous infections and sarcoidosis

67
Q

A small incision is made into the chest wall, and a device called thoraoscope is inserted………
and can diagnosed TB mesothelioma, and metastatic cancer

A

VATS;

68
Q

_______________ bronchoscopy is a 3D bronchoscopy done as part of CT

A

Navigation

69
Q

Procedure in which excess fluid accumulation (pleural effusion) between the chest cavity and lungs (pleural space) requires a long needle

A

Thoracentesis

70
Q

Maybe perform to identify the cause of pleural effusion

A

Diagnostic thoracentesis

71
Q

Maybe performed to relieve SOB or pain caused by a large pleural effusion

A

Therapeutic thoracentesis

72
Q

Performed to prevent the recurrence of a pneumothorax

A

Pleurodesis

73
Q

Complications of plerodesis are

A

-Superinfection
-bleeding
-ARDS
-pneumothorax and respiratory failure
-Talc and doxycycline can cause fever and pain

74
Q

The study of blood

A

Hematology

75
Q

The CBC includes

A

RBC’s, Hb, hematocrit, total WBC and at least an estimate of platelet count

76
Q

types of anemia

A
  • iron deficiency
  • pernicious anemia
  • sickle cell anemia
77
Q

High WBC means what kind of infection

A

Bacterial infection

78
Q

Low WBC means

A

Viral infections

79
Q

Name WBC’s that increase Bacterial infection, inflammation

A

Neutrophil

80
Q

WBC’s increase Allergic reaction, parasitic infection

A

Eosinophils

81
Q

WBC increase Myeloproliferative disorders

A

Basophil

82
Q

WBC increase chronic infections, malignancies

A

Monocyte

83
Q

Lymphocyte WBC increase

A

viral infection

84
Q

In a healthy man the Hct is…… in women its…….. in newborns its

A

45%; 42%; 45%-60%

85
Q

Mean cell volume ranges from, for both men and women

A

87-103

86
Q

Glucose normal value

A

70-110 mg/ dL

87
Q

Common abnormal findings for glucose

A

-Hyperglycemia (excess glucose level)
-Diabetes mellitus
-Acute infection
-Myocardial infarction

88
Q

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) normal value

A

80-120 wacker units

89
Q

Common abnormal findings for LDH (increases)

A

-Myocardial infarction
-chronic hepatitis
-PNA
-pulmonary infarction

90
Q

Serum glutamic oxlocetic transaminase (SGOT) normal range

A

8-33 U/ mL

91
Q

SGOT abnormal findings increases with

A
  • myocardial infarction
  • CHF
    -pulmonary infarction
92
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase normal ranges (AST)

A

7- 40 units/L
(0.12- 0.67)

93
Q

AST abnormal findings increases with

A
  • Acute aminotransferase hepatitis
    -liver disease
  • myocardial infarction
  • pulmonary infection
94
Q

Bilirubin normal ranges

A

Adult 0.1- 1.2 mg/ dL
Newborn 1-12 mg/ dL

95
Q

Bilirubin abnormal findings increases with

A

-Massive hemolysis
- hepatitis

96
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) normal ranges

A

8- 18 mg /dL

97
Q

BUN abnormal findings increases with

A

Acute or chronic renal failure

98
Q

Serum creatine normal ranges

A

0.6- 1.2 mg/dL

99
Q

Serum creatine abnormal findings increases with

A

renal failure

100
Q

Sodium (Na+) normal values

A

136-142 mEq/ L

101
Q

Na+ abnormal findings

A
  • Hypernatremia (excessive Na+)
  • Dehydration
  • Hyponatremia (low Na+)
  • Sweating
  • Burns
102
Q

Clinical manifestations of Na+

A
  • Desiccated mucous membranes
  • Flushed skin
  • Great thirst
  • Dry tongue
  • Seizures
103
Q

Potassium (K+) normal ranges

A

3.8- 5.0 mEq/L

104
Q

K+ abnormal findings

A
  • Hyperkalemia (excess K+)
  • Renal failure
  • Muscle tissue damage
  • Hypokalemia (low K+)
  • Diarrhea
105
Q

Clinical manifestations of K+

A
  • irritability
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • weakness
  • hypotension
106
Q

Chloride (CI-) normal ranges

A

95- 103 mEq/L

107
Q

Calcium (Ca++) normal ranges

A

4.5- 5.4 mEq/L

108
Q

Ch.p 10
Oxygen therapy protocol treats

A

Hypoxemia

109
Q

Broncho pulmonary hygiene protocol

A

Signs or symptoms of retained secretions

110
Q

Coarse crackles indicates

A

retained secretions

111
Q

Lung expansion therapy protocol treats

A

Volume loss, or atelectasis

112
Q

Aerosolized Medication Therapy protocol treats

A

Bronchospasm; COPD or Asthma

113
Q

Clinical data:Opacity on chest radiograph
Assessment:Infiltrates or effusion
What is the Treatment?

A

Treat underlying condition

114
Q

Clinical data: Restrictive pulmonary test values
Assessment:Consolidation
What is the Treatment?

A

No specific, effective respiratory care treatment

Cadiopulmonary Medicine (24 decks)

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