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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 5 Cardiology, Blood Vessels and Blood > Flashcards

Test 5 Cardiology, Blood Vessels and Blood Flashcards

0
Q

what is the muscular layer of the heart called?

A

myocardium

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1
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart called?

A

Epicardium or visceral pericardium

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2
Q

which side of the heart holds deoxygenated blood?

A

right

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3
Q

which side of the heart holds oxygenated blood?

A

left

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4
Q

when the ventricles are filling what valves are open?

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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5
Q

when the ventricles are emptying what valves are open?

A

semilunar valves

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6
Q

what percent of heart muscle cells can cause contractions?

A

about 1%

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7
Q

what do modified myocardial cells do?

A

provide a specific pathway for depolarization of myocardium

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8
Q

what system allows the heart to continue beating even if the nerves are damaged?

A

intrinsic conduction system

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9
Q

what is the importance of coordinated contractions of the heart?

A

forces blood to move in only one direction

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10
Q

where does the intrinsic conduction system start?

A

right superior atrium (sinoatrial node)

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11
Q

what are specialized cells of SA node called?

A

pacemaker cells

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12
Q

what follows from the action potential of SA node?

A

Atria contracts

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13
Q

What allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles begin contraction?

A

atrioventricular node conducts impulses slower than other cells which causes AV delay

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14
Q

What are the names of the ECG peaks and troughs in order from left to right

A

PQRST

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15
Q

What does the P wave of an ECG indicate?

A

depolarization and subsequent contraction of atria

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16
Q

what does the QRS complex of an ECG indicate?

A

depolarization and subsequent contraction of ventricles as well as repolarization and subsequent relaxation of atria

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17
Q

What does the T wave of an ECG indicate?

A

repolarization and subsequent relaxation of ventricles

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18
Q

What does the P-R interval of an ECG indicate

A

atrial depolarization to ventricle depolarization

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19
Q

what does Q-T interval of an ECG indicate?

A

ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

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20
Q

what does S-T segment of ECG indicate?

A

ventricles are depolarized

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21
Q

What does a large R wave on an ECG indicate?

A

enlarged ventricles

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22
Q

what does a Flat T Wave on an ECG indicate?

A

ventricular ischemia

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23
Q

what does a prolonged Q-T interval on an ECG indicate?

A

increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias

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24
Q

what are the two heart sounds?

A
  1. Lub

2. Dup

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25
Q

What does the Lub heart sound indicate?

A

AV valves are closing

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26
Q

What does the Dup heart sound indicate?

A

Semilunar valves are closing

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27
Q

what causes a heart murmur?

A

a leaky valve in the heart

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28
Q

what is a valve stenosis?

A

a small opening that causes a high pitched click (heart murmur)

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29
Q

what occurs during systole?

A

contraction

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30
Q

what occurs during diastole?

A

relaxation

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31
Q

what is end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

maximum ventricular volume at end of relaxation

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32
Q

What keeps AV valves shut?

A

papillary muscles and chordaea tendinae

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33
Q

what is the ductis arteriosus?

A

a blood vessel in fetal pulmonary artery that allows blood to bypass nonfunctioning lungs and enter descending aorta

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34
Q

what is ligamentum arteriosum?

A

the remnant of ductus arteriosus after birth

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35
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

a hole in fetal heart that allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium

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36
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

remnant of foramen ovale after birth

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37
Q

where are impulses conducted to after SA node?

A

to atrioventricular node

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38
Q

where is AV mode located?

A

inferior right atrium

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39
Q

where does AV node conduct impulses to?

A

atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)

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40
Q

where is Bundle of His located

A

interventricular septum

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41
Q

where does bundle of His conduct impulses to?

A

left and right bundle branches

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42
Q

where are purkinje fibers located?

A

branches off of left and right bundle branches, originating at apex and going through ventricular myocardium

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43
Q

where is subendocardial conducting network most elaborate?

A

on left side

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44
Q

why is tetany of the heart bad?

A

myocardium must relax for blood to fill chambers

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45
Q

how does cardiac muscle prevent tetany?

A

longer absolute refractory period gives chamber time to refill

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46
Q

what allows SA node to develop its own rhythm

A

funny current of sodium ions responds to hyperpolarization and brings resting membrane potential to threshold

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47
Q

what ion channel causes depolarization of pace maker cells at threshold?

A

calcium channels

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48
Q

what is arrhythmia?

A

abnormal heart rhythm

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49
Q

what is fibrillation?

A

rapid and irregular contractions in the atria and/or ventricles

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50
Q

what is ectopic focus?

A

pacemaker is not SA node

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51
Q

how does fibrillation cause clots?

A

blood becomes turbulent and is more likely to clump together

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52
Q

what happens at the beginning of atrial systole?

A

atrial contraction begins

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53
Q

what happens during atrial systole?

A

blood is ejected into ventricles

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54
Q

what happens at the end of atrial systole?

A

AV valves close

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55
Q

what happens at the beginning of ventricular systole?

A

isovolumetric contraction

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56
Q

what is the result of isovolumetric contraction?

A

pressure increases rapidly without a change in volume

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57
Q

what happens after isovolumetric contraction?

A

SL valves open and ventricular ejection occurs

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58
Q

what happens at the end of ventricular systole?

A

semilunar valves close

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59
Q

what happens at the beginning of ventricular diastole?

A

isovolumetric relaxation occurs

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60
Q

what is the result of isovolumetric relaxation?

A

pressure decreases rapidly but volume of blood stays the same

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61
Q

what happens after isovolumetric relaxation?

A

AC valves open and passive ventricular filling occurs

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62
Q

what is the purpose of papillary muscle during isovolumetric contraction

A

prevent high pressure blood from flowing back into atrium by closing AV valve

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63
Q

what forces must the ventricles over come for the ejection phase to occur?

A

aortic pressure and pulmonary trunk pressure

64
Q

what drives direction of blood through heart?

A

pressure gradient

65
Q

what is preload?

A

how much blood is coming into the heart

66
Q

what is the frank-starling law of the heart

A

increased stretch (preload), increased stroke volume

67
Q

how does increase in contractility affect end systolic volume? stroke volume?

A

decreases it, therefore increasing stroke volume

68
Q

what is afterload?

A

back pressure on SL valves

69
Q

how does afterload effect cardiac output?

A

must work harder to eject blood which increases end systolic volume

70
Q

how does autonomic nervous system effect heart rate?

A

increase

71
Q

how does parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

decreases

72
Q

where is SNS control center?

A

cardioaccelatory center in medulla onlongata

73
Q

how does epinephrine/norepinephrine increase heart rate?

A

reach threshold quicker by increasing calcium entry into cell

74
Q

how does acetylcholine decrease heart rate?

A

hyperpolarizes sarcolemma which means it takes longer for cell to depolarize

75
Q

what do baroreceptors respond to

A

increase stretch of aortic arch, carotid sinus and elsewhere

76
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex

A

baroreceptors send signal that are responded to by both branches of autonomic nervous system

77
Q

how does thyroxine affect heart rate

A

increase metabolism, increase heart rate

78
Q

how does hypocalcemia affect heart rate

A

decrease heart rate

79
Q

how does hypercalcemia affect heart rate

A

increase heart rate

80
Q

how does hypernatremia affect heart rate

A

inhibits calcium influx, decreases heart rate

81
Q

how does hyperkalemia affect heart rate

A

hyperpolarizes cardiac muscle, decreases heart rate

82
Q

how does hypokalemia affect heart rate

A

causes cardiac arrythmias

83
Q

what is tachycardia

A

HR greater than 100

84
Q

what is possible danger of tachycardia

A

fibrillation

85
Q

what is bradycardia

A

less than 60 bpm

86
Q

what is an issue of bradycardia

A

inadequate blood circulation

87
Q

what is ishemia

A

low blood supply

88
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by ischemia

89
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

dead myocardial tissue from ischemia

90
Q

what are congenital septal defects

A

holes in heart that mix systemic and pulmonary blood

91
Q

what is hypertension

A

continual high blood pressure causes weakness in myocardium

92
Q

what is coronary atherosclerosis

A

clogging of coronary artery

93
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

heart doesn’t pump enough blood for needs so it tries to grow but it progressively gets worse

94
Q

what are arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

95
Q

what are arterioles

A

small arteries

96
Q

what are capillaries

A

site of exchange of nutrients and waste

97
Q

what are venules

A

small veins

98
Q

what are veins

A

carry blood towards heart

99
Q

what is lumen of blood vessel

A

central canal that carries blood

100
Q

what type of tissue composes tunica internal

A
  1. slippery simple squamous

2. subendothelial connective tissue

101
Q

what tissues are in tunica media

A
  1. circular smooth muscle

2. sheets of elastin

102
Q

what three types of tissues are in tunica externa

A
  1. loose collagen fibers
  2. nerve endings
  3. lymphatics
103
Q

what are elastic arteries

A

withstand fluctuations in pressure

104
Q

where are elastic arteries located

A

Aorta, brachiocephalic, subclavian, other major arteries

105
Q

what do muscular arteries do

A

deliver blood to organs

106
Q

which type of arteries are more active in vasoconstriction

A

muscular arteries

107
Q

how many RBC fit in capillary lumen

A

one

108
Q

what are continuous capillaries

A

no holes

109
Q

which capillary type is most abundant

A

continuous

110
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

small holes

111
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries located

A

where absorption or filtration is needed; kidneys and intestines

112
Q

what characterizes sinusoidal capillaries

A

large lumens and holes that allow large molecules to enter bloodstream

113
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries located

A

liver, lymph, bone marrow and endocrine glands

114
Q

what are capillary beds

A

site of gas and nutrient exchange

115
Q

how do the tunics of veins compare to arteries

A

smaller

116
Q

what percent of blood can veins hold up to

A

65%

117
Q

how does exercise increase venous return

A

contracting muscles squeeze against veins and increase blood flow

118
Q

what are anastomoses

A

branches formed between adjacent blood vessels

119
Q

are anastomoses more common in arteries or veins?

A

veins

120
Q

what is collateral circulation

A

redundancy in blood vessels

121
Q

what is blood flow

A

volume of blood through vessel per unit time

122
Q

what is blood pressure

A

force exerted on vessel wall by blood inside

123
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

opposition to blood flow

124
Q

what are three factors of resistance

A
  1. blood viscosity
  2. vessel length
  3. vessel diameter
125
Q

what blood vessel is blood pressure the lowest

A

capillary

126
Q

what provides blood flow?

A

heart working as a pump

127
Q

when flow is opposed by resistance what results?

A

blood pressure

128
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

pressure within arteries during ventricular contraction

129
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

pressure within arteries when ventricles are relaxing

130
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

131
Q

what happens to pulse pressure as you approach capillaries

A

reaches nearly zero

132
Q

what two pumps affect venous return

A

respiratory pump and muscle pump

133
Q

how does respiratory pump affect venous return

A

breathing causes change in pressure which moves blood toward heart

134
Q

how does venous blood stay flowing in one direction with such low pressure

A

use of venous valves and skeletal muscles

135
Q

what is mean arterial pressure

A

pressure that moves blood to tissues

136
Q

what are two short term blood pressure regulation systems

A
  1. cardiac output

2. vessel diameter

137
Q

is the long term blood pressure regulating system

A

blood volume

138
Q

how does vasomotor center affect blood pressure

A

vasoconstriction by sympathetic nervous system

139
Q

what 4 things stimulate vasomotor center

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. cerebral cortex
  4. hormones
140
Q

what causes venous reservoirs to dilate?

A

baroceptor reflex resulting in increased parasympathetic tone

141
Q

what are two major control mechanisms of autoregulation

A
  1. metabolic (what is demanded by cells)

2. myogenic (vasoconstriction and vadodilation)

142
Q

how does ADH affect blood volume and pressure?

A

increase volume increase pressure

143
Q

how does aldosterone affect blood volume and pressure?

A

retain more water, increase volume and pressure

144
Q

how does atrial natriuretic peptide affect blood volume and pressure?

A

kidneys excrete more sodium and water, decrease volume decrease pressure

145
Q

three places diffusion occurs in capillaries

A
  1. through cell
  2. intercellular cleft
  3. fenestrations
146
Q

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

movement of solutes from blood into interstitial fluid

147
Q

what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

A

movement of solutes from interstitial fluid into blood (very little)

148
Q

what is capillary osmotic pressure

A

non-diffusible molecules pull water into capillary

149
Q

what is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

A

non-diffusible molecules in interstitial fluid pull water out of capillary (very little)

150
Q

what is net filtration pressure

A

difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure

151
Q

which capillary dynamics force is strong at arterial end?

A

hydrostatic force

152
Q

which capillary dynamics force is stronger at venous end?

A

osmotic force

153
Q

what happens to excess fluid leaving capillary in capillary bed?

A

absorbed by lymphatic system

154
Q

what causes anaphylactic shock

A

histamine release results in vasodilation

155
Q

what causes neurogenic shock

A

failure of sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation

156
Q

what causes septic shock?

A

immune responses cause vasodilation

157
Q

what causes hypovolemic shock

A

large blood loss

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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