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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 2 Histology, Skeleton/Joints, Muscles > Flashcards

Test 2 Histology, Skeleton/Joints, Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

7 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A

closely packed, form sheets of tissue, reproduce rapidly, open apical surface, basement membrane, supported by connective tissue, nerves and no blood vessels

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2
Q

What does “simple” tissue mean

A

single layer

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3
Q

What does “stratified” tissue mean

A

multilayered

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4
Q

What does “squamous” tissue mean

A

squashed, flat

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5
Q

What does “cuboidal” tissue mean

A

square, cube

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5
Q

6 connective tissue functions

A

connect (tendon), support (bone), protection (cartilage), insulation (fat), fuel (fat), transportion (blood)

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6
Q

What does “columnar” tissue mean

A

tall, skinny, column

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8
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

stem cell of all connective tissue

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9
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

no blood supply

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10
Q

Why do surface cells reproduce rapidly?

A

on surface we lose cells rapidly

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11
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

sticky sheet due to glycoproteins

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12
Q

How is epithelial tissue nourished?

A

diffusion from connective tissue

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13
Q

What are three (3) parts of connective tissue?

A
  1. ground substance(matrix)
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
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14
Q

What is the ground substance/matrix?

A

holds cells and fibers in place so nutrients can diffuse from blood vessel to cells

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15
Q

What are three (3) fiber types

A
  1. collagen (strong)
  2. elastic (stretchy)
  3. Reticular (thin and branching)
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16
Q

What are four (4) connective cell types

A
  1. fibrocytes
  2. chondrocytes
  3. osteocytes
  4. hematopoietic stem cell
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17
Q

What are three (3) cartilage types

A
  1. Hyaline (weakest)
  2. Fibro (strongest)
  3. Elastic (Flexible)
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18
Q

What are two (2) Bone types

A
  1. Compact (strength)

2. Spongy (blood cell)

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19
Q

What are three (3) Blood cell classifications

A
  1. erythrocytes (hold gas)
  2. leukocytes (phagocytize antigens)
  3. thrombocytes (clot blood)
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20
Q

What are three (3) loose connective tissue types?

A
  1. areolar (phagocytize)
  2. adipose (insulate)
  3. reticular (lymph net)
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21
Q

What are two (2) Dense Connective tissue types?

A
  1. Regular (connect in one direction)

2. Irregular (dermis, strong in many directions

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22
Q

What are four (4) Muscle characteristics

A
  1. muscle cells (spindles)
  2. long and thin
  3. well vascularized
  4. cells composed of microfilaments
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23
Q

What are three (3) Muscle types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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24
Q

What are three (3) Skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  1. Multinucleate
  2. striations
  3. voluntary
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25
What are four (4) Cardiac musclecharacteristics
1. Uninucleate 2. striations 3. intercalated discs 4. involuntary
26
What are three (3) Smooth muscle characteristics
1. uninucleate 2. no striations 3. involuntary
27
What are two (2) functions of nervous tissue
1. conduct impulses to and from brain | 2. regulate and control body functions
28
What are three (3) organs of Nervous System
1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord 3. Nerves
29
Describe a neuron (3 components)
1. nerve cell 2. tree like branches 3. composes nerve
30
Which direction does the axon conduct electricity?
carries electricity away
31
Which direction does the dendrite conduct electricity?
carries electricity towards cell body
32
What are three 3 classes of Epithelial membranes and give an example of each
1. Cutaneous (skin) 2. Mucous (digestive) 3. Serous (pericardium)
33
What are the two (2) skeletal classifications by locations
1. Axial (skull, ribs) | 2. Appendicular (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle)
34
What are four (4) bone classifications by shape?
1. Long (finger bones) 2. Short (tarsals) 3. Flat (scapula) 4. Irregular (vertebrae and coxal)
35
What are six (6) Functions of Bones
1. Shape of body 2. Support (support soft tissue) 3. Protection (vertebrae 4. Movement (tendons muscle to bone) 5. Mineral storage 6. Hematopoiesis
36
What are two (2) types of bone tissue and where are they located?
primary tissue found in bones 1. compact - outer and shaft 2. spongy - ends of long bones
37
What is the diaphysis of a bone?
shaft
38
What is the medullary cavity of a bone?
middle of diaphysis, adult contains yellow marrow
39
What is theepiphysis of a bone?
ends of bone
40
What is the function of articular cartilage?
cover/cushions epiphysis
41
What is the epiphyseal line?
remnant of epiphyseal plate
42
What are nutrient foramen?
holes in shaft for blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels
43
What is the endosteum?
connective tissue lining of medullary cavity
44
What is the periosteum?
1. outer (fibrous) layer - rich in blood vessels, nerves and lymph 2. inner (osteogenic) layer - osteoblasts and osteoclasts
45
What is yellow marrow?
fills medullary cavity with fat
46
What is red marrow?
in adults femur, humerus, sternum and hip
47
Describe the Osteon (haversian) system
functional unit of bone, elongates cylinders
48
What are lamella?
tubes surrounding central canal
49
Describe the Central (haversian) System
middle of osteon, contains nerves and blood vessels
50
What is the Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal?
connect (perpendicular to) central canal
51
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells that divide lamella
52
What are lacunae?
cavity between lamella contains osteocytes
53
What are canaliculi?
canals that connect lacunae
54
What is the function of interstitial lamellae?
fills gaps between osteon
55
Describe spongy bone composition (2 components)
1. functional unit is trabeculae | 2. lamella and osteocytes are part of honey comb-like cavities
56
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Bone-forming stem cells
57
What is the osteoid?
ground material (matrix), glycoproteins and collagen fibers
58
What are hydroxyapatites?
crystal formed from calcium phosphates
59
What hormone controls bone remodeling?
parathyroid hormone
60
What is a compound fracture?
breaks skin
61
What is a simple fracture?
doesn't break skin
62
What is an incomplete fracture?
not broken across whole bone
63
What is a displaced fracture?
ends of bones out of alignment
64
What are four (4) Steps of Simple fracture repair
1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling
65
What are four (4) steps of hematoma formation?
1. bone breaks 2. blood vessels break 3. blood clots 4. bone cells die
66
What are two (2) steps of fibrocartilaginous callus formation?
1. phagocytes clean debris | 2. fibroblasts make collagen fibers to connect ends of broken bone
67
How does bony callus formation occur and when does it occur?
osteoblasts from periosteum and endosteum make spongy bone, begins 3-4 weeks after injury and lasts 2-3 months
68
What are the three (3) steps of bone remodeling?
1. form medullary cavity 2. form compact bone in shaft 3. new linings of endosteum and periosteum
69
What is a synarthrosic joint?
immovable, fibrous suture
70
What is a amphiarthrosic joint?
cartilaginous, slightly movable (clavicle, vertebrae)
71
What is a diarthrosic joint?
synovial, freely movable
72
Describe the structure of a synovial joint (4 components)
1. articular cartilage (covering) 2. synovial cavity (space between bones) 3. articular capsule (encloses cavity) 4. synovial fluid (lubrication), ligament (bone to bone)
73
What is flexion?
bending, decreases angle
74
What is extension?
straightening, increases angle
75
What is abduction?
moving away from midline
76
What is adduction?
moving toward midline
77
What is rotation?
turning, twisting
78
What is circumduction?
circular (many coordinated muscles)
79
What is depression?
move down
80
What is elevation?
move up
81
What is supination?
palm up
82
What is pronation?
palm down
83
What is protraction?
forward
84
What is retraction?
backward
85
What is dorsiflexion?
toes up
86
What is plantarflexion?
toes down
87
What is inversion?
bottom of foot in
88
What is eversion?
bottom of foot out
89
What is the origin of a muscle?
immovable point of attachment
90
What is the insertion of a muscle?
movable point of attachment
91
Define the primer mover (agonist) muscle
leading muscle for action of interest
92
Define the antagonist muscle
opposes prime mover
93
Define synergists muscles
help prime mover (more force or stabilizes)
94
Define fixator muscle
stabilize bones like scapula
95
What does maximus mean
large
96
What does minimus mean
small
97
What does longus mean
long
98
What does brevis mean
short
99
What does major mean
larger or above
100
What does minor mean
smaller or below
101
Describe rectus muscle fibers
straight muscle fibers
102
Describe transverse muscle fibers
90 degrees
103
Describe oblique muscle fibers
45 degrees
104
What is the naming convention for a muscle by location of attachment?
origin first, insertion second | sternocleidomastoid
105
What is meant by the action of a muscle
flex, extend, abduct, etc.
106
Describe four (4) muscle functions
1. movement (contract) 2. posture (oppose gravity) 3. stabilize joint 4. heat (by product of ATP production)
107
What are four (4) Muscle Charateristics
1. excitability (nervous system) 2. contractility (ability to shorten) 3. elasticity (recoil) 4. extensibility (stretch)
108
What is the muscle organization from biggest to smallest?
1. Muscle surrounded by epimysium 2. Fascicle surrounded by perimysium 3. Muscle cell surrounded by endomysium 4. Myofibril containing microfilaments
109
Tendon connects what to what?
muscle to bone
110
What is the sarcolemma?
muscle cell membrane
111
What is a sarcomere?
one contractile unit, divided into I, A, and H bands
112
What is a crossbridge?
place where actin (active site) and myosin attach
113
Define the A band
length of myosin
114
Define the I band
light band, space between myosin
115
Define the H zone
space between actin
116
Define the Z line or Z disc
ends of sarcomere, anchors actin
117
What is stored in sarcoplasm
stored glycogen and myoglobin (O2)
118
Where is sarcoplasmic reticulum located?
surrounds myofibril
119
Where are terminal cisternae located and what is their function?
ends of SR, stores calcium
120
Where are T tubules located?
extend deep into myofibril
121
What is a triad?
2 terminal cisternae flanking T tubule
122
Describe the nucleus of skeletal muscle cells
large and many per cell
123
What is a motor unit?
1 nerve cell and all muscle fibers it attaches to
124
What is a muscle twitch?
single brief stimulus
125
What is summation of muscle cells?
combined twitches. similar to tetanus
126
Describe the all or none response of a muscle cell
whole cell must contract
127
What is recruitment in a muscle?
summation of motor units
128
What is the threshold stimulus for a muscle?
minimum stimulus needed to contract
129
What is a myogram?
muscle graph
130
What is the latent period of myogram?
after stimulation, before contraction
131
What occurs biochemically during period of contraction of a muscle?
crossbridges active
132
What initiates period of relaxation biochemically?
initiated by calcium ion uptake back into S.R.
133
What is isometric contraction?
increase tension, muscle length stays same
134
What is isotonic contraction?
same tension and muscle length changes
135
What is the angle at which muscle is strongest?
90 degrees
136
What causes muscle fatigue?
not enough energy to relax
137
What is rigor mortis?
stiffening after death due to no ATP
138
What are contractures?
continuous contraction in the living
139
What is meant by oxygen debt?
lack of O2 after and during exercise
140
What energy source is used during first 4-6 seconds of exercise?
stored ATP
141
What energy source is used during 0-15 seconds seconds of exercise?
creatinine phosphate
142
What energy source is used during 30-40 seconds of exercise?
anaerobic respiration
143
What energy source is used during 60+ seconds of exercise?
aerobic then reverse until exhaustion
144
What are three (3) adaptions to exercise
1. improve physical and psychological wellbeing 2. increases capillaries 3. increases mitochondria
145
How are sheets of cells formed? (2 ways)
1. tight junctions | 2. desmosomes
146
What are three (3) types of muscle contractions?
1. concentric 2. eccentric 3. isometric
147
Describe concentric contraction
Muscle is actively shortening
148
Describe eccentric contraction
Muscle is actively lengthening
149
Describe isometric contractions
Muscle is actively held at a fixed length
150
Describe actin
A thin, contractile protein filament, containing 'active' or 'binding' sites.
151
Describe myosin
A thick, contractile protein filament, with protusions known as Myosin Heads.
152
Describe tropomyosin
An actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction.
153
Describe troponin
A complex of three proteins, attached to Tropomyosin.
154
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
155
What happens when acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction?
Depolarisation of the motor-end plate results in Ca2+ release from the sacroplasmic reticulum
156
What molecular change occurs when contractile protein filaments are in the presence of high concentrations of Calcium?
Ca2+ binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move, revealing the active sites on actin.
157
What molecules are attached to myosin in its resting state?
ADP and Phosphate
158
What occurs when the active sites on actin are first exposed?
myosin filaments attach to actin and release phosphate, forming a cross bridge
159
What happens once a cross bridge is formed between actin and myosin? [ratchet mechanism]
Power stroke: ADP is spent to pull the actin filaments closer together.
160
What happens once the ADP is spent in the "power stroke" phase? [ratchet mechanism]
Recovery stroke: ATP attaches and is hydrolyzed to form ADP and phosphate, returning myosin to its resting position.
161
When does the ratchet mechanism stop?
When the nerve impulse stops, calcium pumps and ATP pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, returning actin to its resting position.

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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