Test 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is various biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

when a body works to maintain a single value, it is called ____

A

set point

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3
Q

_____ are processes that reduce discrepancies from the ____

A

negative feedback/set point

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4
Q

much of our behavior anticipates a need before it occurs is known as _____

A

allostasis

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5
Q

_____ is the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

A

basal metabolism

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6
Q

____ is the idea that the body temperature matches that of the environment. Select all that apply

A
  • ectothermic
  • poikilothermic
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7
Q

______ is the use of internal physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temperature. Select all that apply

A
  • endothermic
  • homeothermic
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8
Q

the POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____

A

its own temperature

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9
Q

for a human body to maintain a higher temperature it requires _____

A

fuel and energy

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10
Q

beyond about 105 F our body’s ______ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties

A

protein

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11
Q

the concentration of chemicals in water determines the rate of all chemical reactions in the body, as a result, we need to maintain the water in our body within narrow limit

A

true

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12
Q

our bodies conserve water by ___________. Select all that apply

A
  • drinking more water
  • decreasing sweat
  • excreting extra water
  • excreting concentrated urine
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13
Q

________ results from eating salty foods. Select all that apply

A
  • osmotic thirst
  • drinking lots of water
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14
Q

whereas _____ results from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating

A

hypovolemic thirst

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15
Q

enzymes in the small intestine digest __________ and into the bloodstream

A

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

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16
Q

whereas the large intestine absorbs ________ and lubricates the remaining materials to pass as feces

A

water and minerals

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17
Q

the _____________ conveys information to the brain about the stretching of the stomach walls. Choose all that apply

A
  • vagus nerve
  • cranial nerve x
18
Q

two pancreatic hormones, _________ regulate the flow of glucose into cells

A
  • insulin and glucagon
19
Q

some of the excess glucose produced by a meal enters the liver, which converts it to ____

A

glycogen

20
Q

which of the following processes occur after a meal? Select all that apply

A
  • insulin levels drop
  • blood glucose levels fall
  • glucose enters cells more slowly
21
Q

what happens to our body if the insulin level stays constantly high? Choose all that apply

A
  • causes weight gain
  • it continues rapidly moving blood glucose into the cells long after a meal
  • blood glucose drops and hunger increases in spite of high insulin levels
  • food is rapidly deposited as fat and glycogen
22
Q

in people with, _______ insulin levels remain constantly low, but blood glucose levels are high

A

type I diabetes

23
Q

___ chemical important in limiting food intake is called

A

melanocortin

24
Q

deficiencies of (answer from #23) receptor leads to _____

A

overeating

25
Q

what are the inhibitory transmitters of the body? Select all that apply

A
  • GABA
  • agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
26
Q

in Pavlovian conditioning, the stimulus that automatically elicits a response is called a(n) __ stimulus

A

unconditioned

27
Q

and the stimulus that does not originally elicit a response but only does so after being paired with a stimulus that does is called a _____ stimulus

A

conditioned

28
Q

during classical conditioning, a(n) _____________ stimulus is paired with a(n) ________________ stimulus

A

neutral; unconditioned

29
Q

once a neutral stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus, then an _______ response turns into a _________ response

A

unconditioned; conditione

30
Q

Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. She associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, she braces herself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced a certain kind of associative learning known as ______________

A

classical conditioning

31
Q

Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. If he is successful, the neutral stimulus, the squirrel, must have been paired with a(n) ______________, such as __________

A

unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise

32
Q

the process by which a consequence of a response increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances is called ______

A

reinforcement

33
Q

the process by which a consequence of a response decreases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances is called _____

A

punishment

34
Q

Lashley’s experiments showed that learning and memory rely on a single cortical area

A

false

35
Q

Lashley’s assumptions that the cerebral cortex is the best or only place to search for an engram and that studying one example of learning is equivalent to studying any other one were debunked

A

true

36
Q

the ____________ is identified as central for learning. Select all that apply

A
  • LIP
  • lateral interpositus nucleus
37
Q

the _________ is brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that often due to ________

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome/chronic alcoholism

38
Q

some of the effects of (answer from #37) are ____

A
  • leads to impaired cognitive process
  • impedes the brain’s ability to metabolize glucose
  • leads to a loss of or shrinkage of neurons in the brain
39
Q

whereas the ________ is associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory, often occurring ____

A

Alzheimer’s disease/in old age

40
Q

according to our lecture, infant amnesia is most probably due to ____. Select all that apply

A
  • deficiency in verbal behavior
  • inability in constructing complete sentences
  • insufficient levels of vocabulary
  • lack of maintenance of experiences such as talking about them