Test 1 Flashcards
what is meant by the term biological psychology?
hormones, genetics, evolution, body and brain physiology
the philosophy in which human beings have a separate mind and a body is called _________
dualism
what are four categories of biological explanations of behavior? Choose all that apply
- evolutionary & functional
- physiological & ontogenetic
what is one major contradiction to dualism?
law of conservation
animal research today is conducted under legal and ethical controls that attempt to minimize animal distress
true
human mental experiences depend on the activity of a huge number of separate but interconnected cells
true
the primary role of glial cells is to act like “glue” or scaffolding to support the neurons
false
the human nervous system comprises two kinds of cells ___________ and __________
neurons/glia
how do neuron cells differ from other cells of the body?
shape
a motor neuron conducts impulses along its axon to a ________ whereas a sensory neuron Is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation __________. Choose all that apply
- muscle/touch
-gland/light
branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors responsible for bringing information into the neuron are called
dendrites
the thin fiber of a neuron is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles
axons
what do neurons have that other cells do not?
large. branching extensions
an ______ axon refers to bringing information into a structure whereas an ________ axon refers to carrying information away from a structure
afferent/efferent
the resting potential of a neuron refers to the state of the neuron:
prior to the sending of a nerve impulse
what percent of all oxygen consumed by the body is used by the brain?
20
when sodium channels are closed potassium channels are partially closed. The membrane is:
at rest
the process of restoring the sodium-potassium pump to its original distribution of ions _____
takes time
local anesthetic drugs like Novocain and Xylocaine prevent action potentials from occurring by __________
blocking sodium channels
the all-or-none law takes place in __________
axons
in the relative refractory period, the neuron resists the production of another action potential
false
local neurons are difficult to study because they are ____________
very tiny
it is believed that only 10 percent of neurons are active at any given moment
false
human beings use all their brain, even at times when they might not be using it very well
true
the speed of conduction along an axon is about ________
40 m/s
the speed of conduction through a reflex arc is about _______
15 m/s
synaptic input from several locations can have a cumulative effect and trigger a nerve impulse called _____________
spatial summation
repeated stimuli can have a cumulative effect and can produce a nerve impulse when a single stimulus is too weak is called ____________
temporal summation
EPSPs increase the number of action potentials below the spontaneous firing rate
false
IPSPs decrease the number of action potentials above the spontaneous firing rate
false
neurons synthesize neurotransmitters and other chemicals from substances provided by the diet such as acetylcholine synthesized from choline found in milk, eggs, and nuts
true
action potential triggers exocytosis through bursts of the release of neurotransmitters from the postsynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft
false
the first physiologist to convincingly demonstrate that communication across the synapse occurs via chemical means was ___________
otto loewi
neurons that release serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine contain an enzyme called __________
MAO (monoamine oxidase)
metabotropic effects start ______ but last _____ than ionotropic effects
slowly/longer
inotropic effects occur when a neurotransmitter detaches from receptors and immediately opens ion channels
false
if the neuron synthesizes most other neurotransmitters in the ____________, it synthesizes neuropeptides in the ___________
presynaptic terminal/cell body
many hallucinogenic drugs—that is, drugs that distort perception, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)—chemically resemble _______
serotonin
some of the processes by which the presynaptic neuron takes up most of the neurotransmitters from synapses and reuses them are _________________
reuptake, diffusion, inactivation
amphetamine & cocaine _________ dopamine synapses by increasing the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal whereas methylphenidate (Ritalin) _______ the reuptake of dopamine but in a more gradual and more controlled rate
stimulate/block
