Test 4 Flashcards
the purpose of the brain is to __________
control behavior, movements, see, and hear
a great brain without muscles would be like a computer without a monitor, printer, or other output. No matter how powerful the internal processing, it would be useless
true
smooth muscle found in the intestines are consists of _______
long, thin cells
whereas skeletal, or striated, muscle consists of ______
long cylindrical fibers with stripes
a _______ is a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
movements can be more precise where each axon innervates only a _____
few fibers
movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles called ____
antagonistic muscles
we rely on our slow-twitch and intermediate fibers for activities such as ____________. Choose all correct answers
- talk
- walk
whereas fast-twitch fibers are adapted for _____
speed, sprinting, running
receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body are called _____
proprioceptors
the ____________ keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
posterior parietal cortex
the __________ integrates information about the position and posture of the body; organizes the direction of the movement in space
premotor cortex
the ________ is active during a delay before movement and stores sensory information relative to a movement
prefrontal cortex
the _________ organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order
supplementary motor cortex
the ___________ is a structure in the brain often associated with balance and coordination
cerebellum
there are more neurons in the ________ than in all other _______ areas combined
cerebellum/brain
the _______ is a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain
basal ganglia
a movement disorder characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity is called ______
Parkinson’s disease
whereas the ____________ is a neurological disorder characterized by various motors symptoms
Huntington’s disease
the drug ________ is the primary treatment for Parkinson’s
L-dopa
brain disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease not only affect movement, but also impair mood, memory, and cognition
true
mammals have circadian rhythms ____
for a variety of activities, including sleep
the purpose of the circadian rhythm is to keep our internal workings in phase with the _____
outside world
wxorking at night does not reliably change the circadian rhythm
true
damage to the SCN results in no change in body rhythms that are synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark
false
suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?
they will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours
what two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm?
- PER/TIM
- period/timeless
the SCN regulates the pineal gland, an endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus that secretes _______
melatonin
Les will be taking a trip, and he is worried about how to handle his jet lag. What advice would you give him?
he needs to sleep in a dark room
after several hours of sleep, most people are ____
spending more time in REM sleep
when we are awake, electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity called _____________ waves
beta
when we are drowsy and relaxed, electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity called ________ waves
alpha
during stages 3 and 4 of sleep, electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity called ___ waves
delta
during stage 1 sleep, electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity called ______ waves
theta
during which stage of sleep do most people see dreams?
REM
what are the two benefits of sleep?
saves energy/learning and remembering
there are two theories of why we sleep. The first one is called the ________ theory, and the second one is called the _________ theory
none of these (rest/recration, dream/wish, repair/restoration)
Emmanuel has a periodic limb movement disorder. When does he have the most trouble?
during NREM sleep
Larisa has REM behavior disorder. What happens to her during REM sleep?
she moves around as if she is acting out her dreams
night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ___
occur during NREM sleep
