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Anatomy > Test 4c > Flashcards

Test 4c Flashcards

1
Q

If either the respiratory or circulatory fails, what will the body die of?

A

Lack of O2 or build up of CO2

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2
Q

8 parts that make up the respiratory system

A

Nose/sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

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3
Q

Terminal air sacs

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

Where does gas exchange with blood occur?

A

Alveoli

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5
Q

Along the pathway, what three general things happen to air?

A

Warmed, cleansed, moistened

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6
Q

Only external portion of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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7
Q

Openings of the nose

A

Nostrils

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8
Q

Inside of the nose

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

Divides the nasal cavity into two sides

A

Nasal septum

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10
Q

Mucus covered projections inside nasal cavity

A

Nasal conchae

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11
Q

2 functions of nasal conchae

A

Increase SA, increase air turbulence

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12
Q

3 sets of nasal conchae

A

Superior, middle, inferior

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13
Q

What separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

A

Palate

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14
Q

2 parts of the palate

A

Hard (anterior), Soft (posterior)

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15
Q

Which palate is bone supported?

A

Hard

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16
Q

Surround the nasal cavity in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

A

Para-nasal sinuses

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17
Q

2 functions of the para-nasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull, resonate sound

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18
Q

Muscular passageway usually called the throat

A

Pharynx

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19
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo-pharynx

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20
Q

Superior portion from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx

A

Nasopharynx

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21
Q

3 parts of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil, opening of phryngotympanic tube, uvula

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22
Q

Drains middle ear

A

Opening of phryngotympanic tube

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23
Q

Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

A

Oropharynx

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24
Q

The oropharynx is made up of clusters of what?

A

Lymphatic tissue

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25
Q

Routes air into proper channel to produce sound

A

Larynx

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26
Q

What is the larynx also known as?

A

Voice box

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27
Q

8 rigid hyaline cartilages

A

Thyroid cartilage

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28
Q

Projection of thyroid cartilage anteriorly

A

Adams’ apple

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29
Q

Guards the airway by protecting the superior oepning of the lower respiratory passages

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

When the epiglottis is open, what is allowed through?

A

Air flow

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31
Q

When is the epiglottis closed?

A

During swallowing, when it restricts oral contents from going down into trachea

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32
Q

Fold formed by a mucous membrane of the larynx

A

Vocal folds/true vocal cords

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33
Q

What makes sound?

A

Vibrations of vocal folds when air is expelled

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34
Q

Opening between vocal folds

A

Glottis

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35
Q

Known as the “windpipe”

A

Trachea

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36
Q

From what two places does the trachea extend from

A

Base of larynx to the level of the 5th ribs

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37
Q

What maintains an open trachea during the changing pressures of breathing?

A

Rigidity of c-chaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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38
Q

Lines trachea

A

Cilia

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39
Q

Function of cilia in the trachea

A

Moves particles and mucous upwards

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40
Q

What can destroy tracheal cilia

A

Smoking

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41
Q

What are the 2 main bronchi?

A

Right and left

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42
Q

Point where the trachea divides

A

Carina

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43
Q

3 ways in which the right main bronchi differ from the left

A

Shorter, wider, straighter

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44
Q

Except for what, the lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

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45
Q

Narrow, upper portions of the lungs located deep to the clavicle

A

Apex

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46
Q

Wide, lower portions of lungs located near the diaphragm

A

Base

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47
Q

What are lung lobes formed by?

A

Deep fissures

48
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

49
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

50
Q

What is each lung covered by?

A

Serous membranes

51
Q

2 layers of serous membranes of lungs

A

Parietal, visceral

52
Q

Lines the wall of ventral cavity

A

Parietal layer

53
Q

Lines the outside of the lung

A

Visceral layer

54
Q

Fluid in between the two layers of serous membrane of lungs

A

Serous fluid

55
Q

Inflammation of the pleural membrane with decreased pleural fluid

A

Pleurisy

56
Q

Excessive pleural fluid

A

Pleural effusion

57
Q

What does pleural effusion result in?

A

Increased pressure on lungs

58
Q

Many branches of bronchi inside the lungs

A

Bronchioles

59
Q

All but the very smallest bronchioles have what to reinforce their walls?

A

Cartilage

60
Q

What do terminal bronchioles lead to?

A

Respiratory zone structures

61
Q

What do respiratory zone structures end at?

A

Alveoli

62
Q

3 components of respiratory zone structures

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts/sacs, alveoli

63
Q

All other respiratory passage structures that serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone

A

Conducting zone structures

64
Q

Besides air spaces, what is the remaining lunge tissue made of?

A

Elastic connective tissue

65
Q

What does the elastic connective tissue of the lungs allow for?

A

Efficient passive recoil during exhalation

66
Q

Tiny terminal air sacs that are a single cell layer thick

A

Alveoli

67
Q

Tiny pores that connect neighboring air sacs

A

Alveolar pores

68
Q

What function does the alveolar pores provide?

A

Alternative routes for air to reach alveoli when blockage occurs

69
Q

Cover external surfaces of alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillaries

70
Q

Allows for diffusion of gases between air and blood

A

Respiratory membrane/air blood barrier

71
Q

Defense mechanism for the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

72
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

Pick up bacteria and debris in alveoli

73
Q

Lipid molecule that coats the gas exposed surfaces of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

74
Q

Function of surfactant

A

Lowers surface tensions of the lining of each alveolar sac to prevent collapse

75
Q

4 events of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration

76
Q

Moving air in and out of lungs to refresh air in alveoli

A

Pulmonary ventilation

77
Q

Gas exchange between the exterior of body and pulmonary blood via alveoli

A

External respiration

78
Q

Gases are transported to and from the lung and cells of the body by blood vessels

A

Respiratory gas transport

79
Q

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

80
Q

What does volume changes of breathing result in?

A

Pressure changes

81
Q

What does pressure changes of breathing result in?

A

Flow of gases to equalize pressures

82
Q

Air flowing into lungs

A

Inhalation

83
Q

Air flowing out of lungs

A

Exhalation

84
Q

2 things that contract during inhalation

A

Diaphragm and external inter-coastal muscles

85
Q

3 things that enlarge during inhalation

A

Thoracic cavity, rib cage, lungs

86
Q

During inhalation, lung volume ____, pressure ____ and air rushes in until pressure equals ______

A

Increases, decreases, atmospheric pressure

87
Q

An active muscular process in some lung pathologies

A

Forced expiration

88
Q

During exhalation, thoracic and pulmonary volumes ____, pressure on gases in lungs ____ greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows out of ____

A

Decrease, increases, lungs

89
Q

Intra-pleural pressure is always ____

A

Negative

90
Q

What would happen if intra-pleural pressure equaled atmospheric pressure

A

Lungs recoil completely and collapse

91
Q

Air in intra-pleural space

A

Pneumothorax

92
Q

Clears lower respiratory track

A

Cough

93
Q

What happens during a cough

A

Deep breath, close glottis, air forced from lungs against glottis

94
Q

Clears upper respiratory track

A

Sneeze

95
Q

Instead of oral cavity, where is air from a sneeze routed

A

Nasal cavities

96
Q

Sudden inspirations as a result of diaphragm spasms

A

Hiccups

97
Q

What are hiccups initiated by?

A

Phrenic nerve or irritation of diaphragm

98
Q

Very deep inspiration

A

Yawn

99
Q

What do yawns ventilate

A

Alveoli

100
Q

3 basic mechanisms that set breathing rhythm

A

Phrenic nerve, inter-costal nerves, neural centers

101
Q

Sets basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medulla

102
Q

How many respirations/min does medulla regulate breathing to?

A

12-15

103
Q

Smoothes out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by medulla

A

Pons

104
Q

Specialized receptors found within the bronchioles and alveoli that respond to extreme stretching

A

Stretch receptors

105
Q

What nerve do stretch receptors initiate protective reflexes via?

A

Vagus nerve

106
Q

CO2 concentration levels act directly on what?

A

pH level in CSF

107
Q

Send impulses to medulla when O2 levels are dropping via aorta and common carotid artery

A

Peripheral chemo-receptors

108
Q

Abnormal decrease in pulmonary ventilate that results in volume of air reduction

A

Restrictive lung disease

109
Q

Decreased ability to move air in and/or out of lungs due to obstruction of air flow throughout the bronchi/bronchioles

A

Obstructive lung disease

110
Q

Active infection of the lungs including the alveoli

A

Pneumonia

111
Q

Abnormal inhalation of secretions, food, liquids, into the lower airway

A

Aspiration pneumonia

112
Q

Inflamed mucosal lining of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Chronic bronchitis

113
Q

Loose elasticity of lungs due to expansion of trapped air because bronchi/bronchioles collapse

A

Emphysema

114
Q

Genetic disease that causes increased production of thickened secretions

A

Cystic fibrosis

115
Q

Hypersensitivity of bronchial passages which causes bronchi constriction

A

Asthma

Anatomy (11 decks)

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