Test 4c Flashcards
If either the respiratory or circulatory fails, what will the body die of?
Lack of O2 or build up of CO2
8 parts that make up the respiratory system
Nose/sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
Terminal air sacs
Alveoli
Where does gas exchange with blood occur?
Alveoli
Along the pathway, what three general things happen to air?
Warmed, cleansed, moistened
Only external portion of the respiratory system
Nose
Openings of the nose
Nostrils
Inside of the nose
Nasal cavity
Divides the nasal cavity into two sides
Nasal septum
Mucus covered projections inside nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
2 functions of nasal conchae
Increase SA, increase air turbulence
3 sets of nasal conchae
Superior, middle, inferior
What separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
Palate
2 parts of the palate
Hard (anterior), Soft (posterior)
Which palate is bone supported?
Hard
Surround the nasal cavity in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Para-nasal sinuses
2 functions of the para-nasal sinuses
Lighten the skull, resonate sound
Muscular passageway usually called the throat
Pharynx
3 regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo-pharynx
Superior portion from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx
Nasopharynx
3 parts of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil, opening of phryngotympanic tube, uvula
Drains middle ear
Opening of phryngotympanic tube
Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
Oropharynx
The oropharynx is made up of clusters of what?
Lymphatic tissue
Routes air into proper channel to produce sound
Larynx
What is the larynx also known as?
Voice box
8 rigid hyaline cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Projection of thyroid cartilage anteriorly
Adams’ apple
Guards the airway by protecting the superior oepning of the lower respiratory passages
Epiglottis
When the epiglottis is open, what is allowed through?
Air flow
When is the epiglottis closed?
During swallowing, when it restricts oral contents from going down into trachea
Fold formed by a mucous membrane of the larynx
Vocal folds/true vocal cords
What makes sound?
Vibrations of vocal folds when air is expelled
Opening between vocal folds
Glottis
Known as the “windpipe”
Trachea
From what two places does the trachea extend from
Base of larynx to the level of the 5th ribs
What maintains an open trachea during the changing pressures of breathing?
Rigidity of c-chaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Lines trachea
Cilia
Function of cilia in the trachea
Moves particles and mucous upwards
What can destroy tracheal cilia
Smoking
What are the 2 main bronchi?
Right and left
Point where the trachea divides
Carina
3 ways in which the right main bronchi differ from the left
Shorter, wider, straighter
Except for what, the lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
Narrow, upper portions of the lungs located deep to the clavicle
Apex
Wide, lower portions of lungs located near the diaphragm
Base
What are lung lobes formed by?
Deep fissures
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
What is each lung covered by?
Serous membranes
2 layers of serous membranes of lungs
Parietal, visceral
Lines the wall of ventral cavity
Parietal layer
Lines the outside of the lung
Visceral layer
Fluid in between the two layers of serous membrane of lungs
Serous fluid
Inflammation of the pleural membrane with decreased pleural fluid
Pleurisy
Excessive pleural fluid
Pleural effusion
What does pleural effusion result in?
Increased pressure on lungs
Many branches of bronchi inside the lungs
Bronchioles
All but the very smallest bronchioles have what to reinforce their walls?
Cartilage
What do terminal bronchioles lead to?
Respiratory zone structures
What do respiratory zone structures end at?
Alveoli
3 components of respiratory zone structures
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts/sacs, alveoli
All other respiratory passage structures that serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone
Conducting zone structures
Besides air spaces, what is the remaining lunge tissue made of?
Elastic connective tissue
What does the elastic connective tissue of the lungs allow for?
Efficient passive recoil during exhalation
Tiny terminal air sacs that are a single cell layer thick
Alveoli
Tiny pores that connect neighboring air sacs
Alveolar pores
What function does the alveolar pores provide?
Alternative routes for air to reach alveoli when blockage occurs
Cover external surfaces of alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries
Allows for diffusion of gases between air and blood
Respiratory membrane/air blood barrier
Defense mechanism for the lungs
Alveolar macrophages
What do alveolar macrophages do?
Pick up bacteria and debris in alveoli
Lipid molecule that coats the gas exposed surfaces of the alveoli
Surfactant
Function of surfactant
Lowers surface tensions of the lining of each alveolar sac to prevent collapse
4 events of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
Moving air in and out of lungs to refresh air in alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange between the exterior of body and pulmonary blood via alveoli
External respiration
Gases are transported to and from the lung and cells of the body by blood vessels
Respiratory gas transport
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
Internal respiration
What does volume changes of breathing result in?
Pressure changes
What does pressure changes of breathing result in?
Flow of gases to equalize pressures
Air flowing into lungs
Inhalation
Air flowing out of lungs
Exhalation
2 things that contract during inhalation
Diaphragm and external inter-coastal muscles
3 things that enlarge during inhalation
Thoracic cavity, rib cage, lungs
During inhalation, lung volume ____, pressure ____ and air rushes in until pressure equals ______
Increases, decreases, atmospheric pressure
An active muscular process in some lung pathologies
Forced expiration
During exhalation, thoracic and pulmonary volumes ____, pressure on gases in lungs ____ greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows out of ____
Decrease, increases, lungs
Intra-pleural pressure is always ____
Negative
What would happen if intra-pleural pressure equaled atmospheric pressure
Lungs recoil completely and collapse
Air in intra-pleural space
Pneumothorax
Clears lower respiratory track
Cough
What happens during a cough
Deep breath, close glottis, air forced from lungs against glottis
Clears upper respiratory track
Sneeze
Instead of oral cavity, where is air from a sneeze routed
Nasal cavities
Sudden inspirations as a result of diaphragm spasms
Hiccups
What are hiccups initiated by?
Phrenic nerve or irritation of diaphragm
Very deep inspiration
Yawn
What do yawns ventilate
Alveoli
3 basic mechanisms that set breathing rhythm
Phrenic nerve, inter-costal nerves, neural centers
Sets basic rhythm of breathing
Medulla
How many respirations/min does medulla regulate breathing to?
12-15
Smoothes out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by medulla
Pons
Specialized receptors found within the bronchioles and alveoli that respond to extreme stretching
Stretch receptors
What nerve do stretch receptors initiate protective reflexes via?
Vagus nerve
CO2 concentration levels act directly on what?
pH level in CSF
Send impulses to medulla when O2 levels are dropping via aorta and common carotid artery
Peripheral chemo-receptors
Abnormal decrease in pulmonary ventilate that results in volume of air reduction
Restrictive lung disease
Decreased ability to move air in and/or out of lungs due to obstruction of air flow throughout the bronchi/bronchioles
Obstructive lung disease
Active infection of the lungs including the alveoli
Pneumonia
Abnormal inhalation of secretions, food, liquids, into the lower airway
Aspiration pneumonia
Inflamed mucosal lining of bronchi and bronchioles
Chronic bronchitis
Loose elasticity of lungs due to expansion of trapped air because bronchi/bronchioles collapse
Emphysema
Genetic disease that causes increased production of thickened secretions
Cystic fibrosis
Hypersensitivity of bronchial passages which causes bronchi constriction
Asthma
