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Test 4a Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart and all blood vessels

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2
Q

4 things that the cardiovascular system transports to main homeostasis

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients

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3
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum in the middle of the chest cavity

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4
Q

The more pointed end of the heart

A

Apex

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5
Q

Where does the apex point?

A

Diagonally down to the left

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6
Q

The upper posterior portion

A

Base

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7
Q

Outer protective layer formed of fibrous tissue

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

What does the pericardium do?

A

Helps to keep heart anchored to surrounding structures

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9
Q

What does the pericardium anchor to?

A

Sternum and diagphragm

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10
Q

Protective layer surrounding the heart that is deep to fibrous pericardium

A

Serous pericardium

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11
Q

The two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer

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12
Q

Outer most layer in contact with the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

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13
Q

Inner most layer that is actually apart of the heart wall

A

Visceral layer

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14
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layer?

A

Serous fluid

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15
Q

What produces serous fluid?

A

Pericardial membranes

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16
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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17
Q

Outer layer that is also the same as the visceral layer of membrane covering the heart

A

Epicardium

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18
Q

Thick cardiac muscle bundles that are arranged in a twisted, ring-like manner

A

Myocardium

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19
Q

Thin endothelium that lines the four heart chambers

A

Endocardium

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20
Q

Which layer of the heart wall contracts?

A

Myocardium

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21
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

2 atria, 2 ventricles

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22
Q

What are atria and ventricles lined with to assist with smooth blood flow?

A

Endocardium

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23
Q

Top chambers of the heart that receive blood from periphery

A

Atria

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24
Q

Lower chambers of the heart that disperse blood back to circulate to the body

A

Ventricle

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25
Q

Wall that divides the heart longitudinally into left and right

A

Septum

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26
Q

Two septums of the heart

A

Interventricular septum, interatrial septum

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27
Q

Right side heart function

A

Pumps blood to lungs for exchange of gases

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28
Q

Left side heart function

A

Pumps blood to periphery to distribute needed substances to cells and pick up waste products

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29
Q

Carries oxygen poor blood from upper body to right atria

A

Superior venae

cavae

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30
Q

Carries oxygen poor blood from lower body to right atria

A

Inferior venae cavae

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31
Q

How does right atria receive blood?

A

Through valve in right ventricle

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32
Q

From right ventricle where does blood go?

A

Through valve into pulmonary trunk

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33
Q

From pulmonary trunk where does blood go?

A

Divides in right and left pulmonary arteries

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34
Q

From pulmonary arteries where does blood go?

A

Lungs

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35
Q

What occurs in the lungs?

A

Gas exchange in capillaries

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36
Q

From lungs, where does blood go?

A

Returns to heart via pulmonary veins

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37
Q

From pulmonary veins where does blood go?

A

Left atria

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38
Q

From left atria where does blood go?

A

Through valve to left ventricle

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39
Q

From left ventricle where does blood go?

A

Through valve to aorta

40
Q

Technical term for circulation through right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation

41
Q

Technical term for circulation through left side of the heart and out into the periphery

A

Systemic circulation

42
Q

What is the purpose of the 4 heart valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood as it travels through the four chambers of the heart

43
Q

How many flaps/cusps does the right AV valve have?

A

3 (tricuspid)

44
Q

How many flaps/cusps does the left AV valve have?

A

2 (bicuspid)

45
Q

What is the left AV valve also known as?

A

Mitral valve

46
Q

Tiny cords that anchor the valves cusps to the walls of the ventricles

A

Chordae tendinae

47
Q

Projections of cardiac muscle that terminate in the chordae tendineae

A

Papillary muscle

48
Q

Where are the relaxed valves during filling time?

A

Hanging down into ventricles

49
Q

Located between the ventricles and the large vessels exiting the ventricles

A

Semilunar valves

50
Q

How many cusps/leaflets do semilunar valves have?

51
Q

Valve located at the base of pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

52
Q

Valve located at the base of the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

53
Q

____ valves open during heart relaxation and close during ventricular contraction; ____ valves closed during heart relaxation and open during ventricular contraction

A

AV, semilunar

54
Q

“Lub”

A

Closing AV valves

55
Q

“Dub”

A

Closing of semi-lunar valves

56
Q

Our blood volume

57
Q

How many times a day does heart pump out 6 liters a day?

58
Q

What is heart activated regulated by?

A

Autonomic nervous system and intrinsic conduction (nodal system)

59
Q

Special tissue that is a combination of nervous and muscle tissue that causes depolarization in 1 direction

A

Nodal system

60
Q

Where does the intrinsic electrical conduction system begin?

A

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

61
Q

Rapid heart rate

A

Tachycardia

62
Q

Slow heart rate

A

Bradycardia

63
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

64
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

65
Q

Measure of blood pressure

A

Systolic pressure / Diastolic pressure

66
Q

3 components of heart cycle

A

Mid-to-late diastole, Ventricular systole, Early diastole

67
Q

During mid-to-late diastole, what is the pressure like?

68
Q

Where is blood during mid-to-late diastole

A

Into atria, through atria, and into ventricles from both right and left sides

69
Q

What are the valves doing during mid-to-late diastole?

A

Semilunar valves closed, AV valves open

70
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure once ventricular contraction begins?

A

Increases, closing the AV valves

71
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure continues to increase?

A

Semilunar valves forced open

72
Q

What happens when semilunar valves open?

A

Blood rushes out of ventricles

73
Q

During early diastole, what happens to ventricles?

74
Q

During early diastole, what happens to semilunar valves?

75
Q

What is the pressure in ventricles during early diastole?

76
Q

What does lower pressure in ventricles cause?

A

AV valves opening

77
Q

What oxygenates heart tissue?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

78
Q

Where are the right and left coronary arteries?

A

Branch off aorta and encircle the heart at junction of atria and ventricles

79
Q

What does left coronary artery branch into?

A

Circumflex artery and left anterior descending (LAD)

80
Q

Chest pain caused when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen?

81
Q

Prolonged deprivation of oxygen where cells may die

82
Q

Death of heart tissue (aka heart attack)

A

Myocardial infarction

83
Q

How are heart attacks detected?

A

EKG changes and cardiac enzyme changes

84
Q

What are blood vessels also known as?

A

Vascular system

85
Q

General schematic of blood flow:

A

Blood leaves heart in arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> re-enter heart

86
Q

3 layers of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa

87
Q

Inner most layer of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica intima

88
Q

What is tunica intima composed of?

A

Thin endothelium layer

89
Q

2 functions of tunica intima

A

Provides slick surface, decreases friction of blood flow

90
Q

Middle layer of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica media

91
Q

What is tunica media composed of?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibers

92
Q

What is tunica media’s smooth muscles controlled by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system that changes diameter of vessel

93
Q

Most external layer of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica externa

94
Q

What is tunica externa made of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

95
Q

Function of tunica externa

A

Supports vessels walls

Anatomy (11 decks)

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