Test 2c Flashcards by steve aspery

Chronic degenerative condition with “wear and tear” on joints

Osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What in particular does osteoarthritis affect?

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the bone from osteoarthritis

Thickens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of arthritis is more common in women?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chronic and inflammatory auto-immune arthritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inflamed and thickened synovial membrane erodes articular cartilage and forms scar tissue

Pannus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What specifically happens to during RA

Inflammatory cells from blood enter joint cavity and release chemicals that destroy body tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Uric acid accumulates in blood and deposits as needle shaped crystals in the soft tissues of the joints

Gout

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone thinning disease that results in fragile bones that fracture easily

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of osteoporosis

Poor intake of calcium and protein, lack of vitamin D, insufficient weight bearing exercise, parathyroid disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vitamin D deficiency as a result of inadequate exposure to sunlight and poor dietary intake

Rickets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

WHat happens during rickets

bending of the bones at the cartilage, shaft junction due to shaft weakness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Progressive neoplastic disease of marrow plasma cell tumors

Multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common bone cancer other than MM

Osteogenic sarcoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does osteogenic sarcoma usually metastasize to?

Lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is osteogenic sarcoma most common?

knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What kind of bones are especially vulnerable to ewing’s sarcoma?

Extremities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Essential function of muscular tissue

Contract or shorten

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 types of muscle tissues

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anchor muscles to bone, cartilage or connective tissue

Tendons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General schematic of muscle

Thousands of fibers bundled together by connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal muscle function

Produces movement, blood return

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are muscle fibers individually wrapped in

Endomysium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are multiple muscle fibers wrapped in?

Perimysium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a bundle of multiple muscle fibers called

Fascicle

What are many fascicles bound together by

Epimysium

Chains of contractile muscle units

Sarcomere

Sarcomeres are aligned ________ the entire length of myofibril

End to end

What does arrangement of myofilaments produce?

Banding pattern

Thick muscle filaments

Myosin filament

Thin muscle filaments

Actin filament

4 unique properties of muscle tissues

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Property of muscle tissues that is able to receive stimulus

excitability

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to shorten

contractility

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to be stretched

extensibility

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to recoil to resting length

elasticity

What is the muscular system stimulated by

nerve impulses

What makes up a motor unit

One neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates

Long extension from neuron cell body that goes to the muscle

axon

tiny branches of axon that form junction with the sarcolemma of muscle cells

Axon terminal

Junction of axon terminal and sarcolemma

Neuromuscular junction

Gap between axon terminal and muscle cell sarcolemma

synaptic cleft

what is a synaptic cleft filled with

interstitial fluid

Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle

acetylcholine (ACh)

When postsynaptic receptor for ACh gets blocked

Myasthenia graves (MG)

State of continuous partial contraction stimulated by the nervous system

muscle tone

Cannot contract muscle; limp; loss of muscle tone

flaccid

decrease in muscle size or muscle wasting; shrink and shrivel up

atrophy

increase in muscle size; a lot of muscle

hypertrophy

The place of attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone

origin

The place of attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves

insertion

Exception to the rule that movement usually occurs where muscles cross joints

lips

Movement is determined by what?

type of joint the muscle crosses

Skeletal muscle only ____, does not ____

pulls, push

During contraction, the muscle insertion site moves _____ to the muscle origin

closer

Sagittal plane movement in which the angle between the bones is decreased

flexion

Sagittal plane movement in which the angle between the bones is increased

extension

Coronal plane movement in which the body part is moved away from the midline

abduction

coronal plane movement in which the body part is moved closer to the midline

adduction

movement of a body part around a longitudinal axis

rotation

Ways in which a 1 axis joint can move

flexion, extension

ways in which a 2 axis joint can move

flexion, extension, medial, lateral

ways in which a 3 axis joint can move

flexion, extension, IR, ER, abduciton, adduction

A combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Circumduction

Upwards movement of ankle; lifting foot so that the superior surface of the foot moves closer to the shin

dorsiflexion

Downwards movement of ankle; pointing the foot down

Plantarflexion

movement which turns the sole of the foot medially

inversion

movement which turns the sole of the foot laterally

eversion

Forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces upwards

supination

forearm rotates medially sot that the palm faces downwards

Pronation

Movement in which the thumb and finger tips of the same hand are in contact

opposition

movement forwards/anteriorly in sagittal plane that extends in length

protraction

movement backwards/posteriorly in the sagittal plane that shortens in length

retraction

Movement of the wrist medially or laterally in the coronal plane

medial and lateral deviation

Direction of rectus fibers

straight/parallel

Direction of oblique fibers

at an angle

7 sizes of muscle

maximus, minimus, longus, brevis, medius, major, minor

Origin of sternum, inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone

Sternocleidomastoid

Concentric rings of muscle fibers

circular

Muscle fascicles converge towards a single tendon for insertion

convergent

fascicles run parallel the length of the muscles

parallel

a variation of parallel arrangement that results in spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly

fusiform

feather-like muscle fibers

pennate

3 types of pennate muscle fibers

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

Where do rotator cuff muscles originate?

Scapula

4 muscles of rotator cuff

Supraspiantus, Infraspiantus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS)

Where do hamstring muscles originate

Tuberosity of ischium

Where do hamstring muscles insert

proximal tibia

3 muscles of hamstrings

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Muscle group that extends the knee

Quadriceps

4 muscles of quadriceps

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris (two joint)

2 muscles of plantarflexion

Soleus, gastrocnemius

Stretching or tearing of a muscle

strain

stretching or tearing of a tendon

sprain

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normal contains it

hernia

Portion of the small intestine enters the inguinal canal

Inguinal hernia

Congenital muscle diseases where groups of muscle are destroyed

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Muscle for chewing, closing jaw

Master

Muscle for forcing lips together

mnetalis

Muscle of eye

obicularis

Turns head to opposite direction that other

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscle that jaw above hyoid bone

Platysma

Internal rotation muscles

Subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, teres major (SPLAT)

External rotation muscles

Teres minor, infrespinatus, posterior deltoid, supraspinatus (TIPS)

Muscles for shoulder retraction, pinches shoulders together

Rhomboids

3 elbow flexors

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis