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EMT-B > Test 4- abdomen > Flashcards

Test 4- abdomen Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs in the abdomen?

A 
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
pancreas
gallbladder
liver
spleen
ureters
kidneys
bladder
female reproductive system (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus)
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2
Q

What is the hollow organ that breaks down food?

A

the stomach

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Ileum
Jejunum
Duodenum

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4
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

To absorb nutrients

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5
Q

What are the five parts of the large intestine?

A 
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
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6
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water, some nutrients

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7
Q

What organ produces digestive enzyme called bile (for food breakdown this is the largest solid organ)?

A

the liver

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8
Q

What organ stores and secretes the bile?

A

Gallbladder

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9
Q

What organ produces insulin and glucagon? Also contains bicarbonate ions to neutralize the gastric acid?

A

The pancreas

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10
Q

What system filters blood to remove wastes?

A

The urinary system

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11
Q

What is the urinary system made up of?

A

The ureters and the bladder

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12
Q

What drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureter

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13
Q

What organ provides storage for urine to be excreted through the urethra?

A

The bladder

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14
Q

What organ removes wastes, electrolytes, and water from the blood forming urine?

A

The kidneys

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

The retroperitoneal space

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16
Q

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Fallopian tubes
ovaries
uterus

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17
Q

What is poorly localized pain, vague, and usually from a hollow organ?

A

Visceral pain

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18
Q

What is well localized pain, more typical of solid organs?

A

Somatic pain

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19
Q

What is painful sensation that occur because of an irritated visceral peritoneum that is perceived at a distant point on the surface of the body such as the back or shoulder?

A

Referred pain

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20
Q

What is the likely cause of a patient that presents with generalized dull pain that is diffuse and often presents in the umbilical region before it localized to the RLQ of the abdomen. Associated symptoms include nausea, vomiting, anorexia (loss of appetite for food), fever, and chills?

A

appendicitis

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21
Q

What is the word for when you put pressure on the abdomen and pain is increased with quick release of that pressure?

A

rebound tenderness

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22
Q

What is the point called on physcial exam for appendicitis?

A

Mcburneys point

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23
Q

What are the two primary causes of pancreatitis?

A

alcohol abuse

obstructing gallstone

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24
Q

What condition would you expect in a patient presenting with epigastric pain that radiates to the back, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention and epigastric/RUQ tenderness?

A

Pancreatitis

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25
Q

What should you suspect in a patient with severe pain in the RUQ or the mid abdominal region and radiates around the right side to the back, usually associate with vomiting, indigestion, bloating, gas, belching, fever. ?

A

Gallstone, or acute cholecystitis

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26
Q

Who is most likely to develop gallstones?

A

overweight women in their 40s

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27
Q

What condition usually starts as a bladder infection with lower midline abdominal pain, starts to radiate around to the flank region, associated with fever, chills, nausea vomiting, and urinary sx ?

A

Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)

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28
Q

What is the disorder that occurs when the pressure of the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increase usually caused by liver failure?

A

esophageal varices

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29
Q

What is the primary cause of esophageal varices?

A

alcohol abuse - industrialized countries

viral hepatitis- developing countries

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30
Q

what disease occurs from tissue that has been eroded usually in the duodenum or stomach caused by high acidic exposure?

A

ulcer

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31
Q

How does an ulcer form?

A

to prevent damage of these organs a protective layer of mucus line both organs, when exposed to acid over periods of time that protective layer is eaten by the acid and erodes.

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32
Q

What are the top causes of ulcers?

A

H. Pylori
alcohol intake
chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDS)
smoking

33
Q

When glucose is unavailable to the cells, the body turn to burning fat which produces acid waste known as what?

A

Ketones

34
Q

What is necessary for glucose to enter the cells for metabolism?

A

Insulin

35
Q

How does insulin work in the body?

A

A person eats food, which raises the glucose levels in the body, this stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin into the blood, which forces the glucose to ender the body’s cells and be used for energy, it is also stores as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles for use later, blood glucose levels return to normal, and insulin stops being secreted.

36
Q

What is the condition that occurs when fat metabolism and over production of ketones is continues over a period of time due to lack of glucose to the cells?

A

DKA

Diabetic ketoacidosis

37
Q

What is the process of DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)?

A

 When a patient’s blood glucose level is above normal, the kidney’s filtration system becomes overwhelmed and glucose spills into the urine.
 When glucose is unavailable to cells, the body turns to burning fat.
 This produces acid waste (ketones).
 As ketone levels go up in the blood, they spill into the urine.
 Kidneys cannot maintain acid–base balance.
 Patient breathes faster and deeper
 Body attempts to reduce acid level by releasing more carbon dioxide through the lungs (kussmaul breathing)

38
Q

Are type 1 DM or type 2 DM more likely to develop DKA?

A

Type 1

39
Q

What is the condition caused by a state of prolonged hyperglycemia that causes a state of dehydration due to the discharge of fluids from all the body systems and eventually through the kidneys, leading to a fluid imbalance?

A

HHNS

Hyperosmotic hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome

40
Q

What can result from HHNS?

A

Can result in wounds that don’t heal, numbness of the hands and feet, blindness, renal failure and gastric motility problems.

41
Q

Is HHNS more common in type 1 or 2 DM?

A

Type 2

42
Q

How does HHNS present?

A

hyperglycemia, altered mental status, drowsiness, lethargy, severe dehydration, thirst, dark urine, visual or sensory deficits, partial paralysis or muscle weakness, or seizures.

43
Q

What is the medical term for an acute emergency where a patients blood sugar drops and must be corrected swiftly?

A

hypoglycemia

44
Q

How does hypoglycemia present?

A

shallow or rapid respirations, pale moist skin, diaphoresis (Sweating), dizziness, headache, rapid pulse, low to normal blood pressure, altered mental status (aggressive, confused, lethargic, unusual behavior), anxious or combative, seizure, fainting or coma, weakness on one side of the body, rapid change in mental status.

45
Q

What occurs sometimes after insulin injection or use of oral medications stimulation of the pancreas to create more insulin, when the insulin levels remain high, glucose is rapidly taken out the blood to fuel the cells, if the glucose levels fall too low there becomes an insufficient amount of glucose to supply the brain?

A

Hypogycemia

46
Q

How do you treat hypoglycemia?

A

Give glucose

47
Q

What is the condition that causes unresponsive state either from low or high blood sugar that needs to be emergently managed including airway?

A

Diabetic coma

48
Q

What is the main source of energy for the body?

A

Glucose

49
Q

What does the assessment of diabetic patients involve?

A 
o	Form a general impression
o	Airway and breathing
o	Circulation
o	Decision to transport
o	Investigation of the chief complaint
o	SAMPLE hx
o	Physical exam
o	Vital signs- normal BGL is 60-120 mg/dL
50
Q

What is the condition that involves an extreme allergic reaction that is life threatening and involves multiple organ systems?

A

anaphylaxis

51
Q

What is the pathophysiology of an allergic reaction?

A

Allergic reaction is an exaggerated immune response to any substance, that causes the release of histamines and leukotrienes causing an allergic reaction

52
Q

How should you treat surface contact poisoning?

A

o Avoid contaminating yourself and others
o Remove the substance from the patient as rapidly as possible
o Remove all contaminated clothing
o Flush and wash the skin

53
Q

What is the most common abused drug in the US?

A

Prescription opioid drugs

54
Q

What drugs that are CNS depressants that induces sedation or promotes sleep?

A

Hypnotic drugs

barbiturates and benzodiazepines

55
Q

What is the condition that is caused by a temporary or permanent dysfunction of the brain caused by a disturbance in the physical or physiologic functioning of the brain tissues?

A

Organic brain syndrome

56
Q

What are the causes or organic brain syndrome?

A 
sudden illness
head trauma
seizures
intoxication
and diseases of the brain
57
Q

What is the core temperature for a patient with mild hypothermia?

A

89.6° - 95° F
(32° - 35° C)

uncontrolled shivering

58
Q

How do you treat mild hypothermia?

A 
	Remove from environment
	Prevent further heat loss
•	Remove wet clothing
•	Dry patient
	Aggressive external re-warming
•	Heat packs
59
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia?

A
  • Core temperature: 78.8° to 89.6° F
  • Shivering stops
  • ↓ LOC
  • ↓ HR, irregular rhythm (atrial fibrillation)
  • ↓ VR
  • ↓ pupillary response
60
Q

What are the signs and sx of severe hypothermia?

A
  • Core temperature: <78.8° F
  • Reflexes absent
  • No response to pain
  • Nonreactive pupils
  • Bradycardia progresses to asystole
  • Tissues stiff & cold
  • Pulse & respirations may be undetectable
61
Q

How do you treat a patient with moderate to severe hypothermia?

A

Transport is the priority!
Remove from environment
• Rough handling, including bumping & jarring can lead to ventricular fibrillation
Prevent further heat loss (passive re-warming)
• Warmed, humidified O2
• Warm packaging
Hypothermic patients are not dead until they are warm & dead!!!

62
Q

If a patient was found hypothermic and they have been undergoing CPR and assisted ventilation for the appropriate amount of time and there is still no or breathing but their body temperature is still low can you pronounce them dead?

A

NOOOOOOO

Patients are dead until they are warm and dead!

63
Q

What should you do when the scene is unsafe when dealing with a behavioral patient?

A

o Call PD for assistance
o Designate one person to have patient contact
o Use restraints only as last resort

64
Q

How do you treat suicidal patients?

A

Calm them, ensure their safety, get them to the hospital

65
Q

What is the term for psychiatric emergency includes patients who exhibit agitated, violent, or uncooperative behavior or who are a danger to themselves or others?

A

Behavioral crisis

66
Q

How should you approach the bizarre behavior patient?

A 
o	Assess the scene.
o	Ensure you can communicate.
o	Know where the exits are.
o	Don personal protective equipment.
o	Have a definite plan of action.
o	Urgently de-escalate the patient’s level of agitation.
o	Calmly identify yourself.
67
Q

What are the four components of heat being gained or lost in the body?

A

Conduction

Convection

Evaporation (Respiration)

Radiation

68
Q

What is the word for heat loss from the body that involves Transfer from one object to another via direct contact?

A

conduction

69
Q

What is the word when heat is lost from the body by Transfer of heat to or from air or water moving over an object?

A

Convection

70
Q

What is the word for heat loss from the body when the Body cools as perspiration evaporates?

A

Evaporation

71
Q

What is respiration a part of when considering heat loss of the body?

A

Evaporation

72
Q

What is the word for loss of heat from the body due to Loss of heat to atmosphere?

A

Radiation

73
Q

Do you use CAB to resuscitate a drowning victim?

A

NOOOO
o WHEN RESUSCIATING A PATIENT WHO HAS DROWNED THE USUAL CAB (COMPRESSIONS, AIRWAY, BREATHING) IS NOT USED, ADDRESS AIRWAY AND BREATHING CONCERNS FIRST, BEGINNING WITH 5 RESCUE BREATHINGS AND THEN USE COMPRESSIONS AND THEN AED.

74
Q

How do you treat a drowning victim?

A

o Remove the patient from the water- use a backboard if needed
o Artificial ventilation should be provided as soon as possible.
o Spinal motion restriction
o If not breathing, clear airway from any vomit with manual or suction, and assist with ventilations with a bag valve mask
 Rolling patients on their side or performing abdominal thrusts DOES NOT REMOVE WATER FROM LUNGS
o If no pulse start CPR
o If submerged but breathing administer oxygen

75
Q

How do you treat behavioral emergencies?

A

o Scene safety- enlist law enforcement if needed
o Observe patient from the door
o Approach the patient in a slow, calculated approach, have an exit plan and watch their reaction to your approach
o Introduce yourself
o Initial assessment- treat any life threatening conditions, ABCDE
o Obtain history
o Decide if the patient needs immediate emergency medical care
o Obtain consent
o Transport safely, use restraints if needed
o TAKE YOUR TIME

76
Q

How do you treat frost bite?

A

Remove jewelry from the injured part and cover the injury loosely with a dry, sterile dressing. Do not break blister or rub or massage the area. Do not apply heat or rewarm part. NEVER APPLY SOMETHING WARM OR HOT TO THE AFFECTED AREA. Do not allow a patient to walk on stand on a frostbitten foot

77
Q

If prompt hospital care is not available and medical control has directed you to rewarm the frostbitten part how should you do that?

A

If prompt hospital care is not available let medical control guide you, usually instructs a warm water bath where you immerse the frostbitten extremity in water with a temp between 104-105 degrees F. (SHOULD NEVER EXCEED 105) Stir the water continuously. Keep the frostbitten part in the water until it feels warm and sensation has returned to the skin then dress the area with a dry, sterile dressing, placing them between the injured fingers, toes.

78
Q

what is the temperature to rewarm a frostbitten extremity?

A

104-105 degrees F

NEVER TO EXCEED 105

EMT-B (7 decks)

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