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EMT-B > Test 2 Respiratory/Airway > Flashcards

Test 2 Respiratory/Airway Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term for oxygen going into the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

What is the term for oxygen crossing the aveolar membrane?

A

Respiration

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3
Q

What is the term for oxygen to be circulated into the cells?

A

Circuation

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4
Q

What is the term for oxygen to be able to get into the cells?

A

Perfusion

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5
Q

What is the fick principles? The flow of oxygen to the cells?

A

Ventilation, respiration, circulation, perfusion

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6
Q

What are the structures of the upper airway?

A 
The nose
mouth
jaw
oral cavity
The pharynx
The larynx (vocal cords)
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7
Q

What is the anatomy of the lower airway?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
lungs

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8
Q

What is the muscular tube extending from the nose and mouth to level of the esophagus and trachea?

A

The pharynx

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9
Q

Which part of the upper airways purpose is to filter out dust and small particles and warms and humidifies air as it enters the body?

A

The nosopharynx

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10
Q

What is the posterior portion of the oral cavity, the entrance for respiratory and digestive system?

A

The oropharynx

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11
Q

Where is the epiglottis in reference to the larynx?

A

Superior

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12
Q

What is the complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that marks where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins?

A

Larynx

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13
Q

What is the conduit for air to enter into the lungs? It divides the carina into two mainstem bronchi, the right and the left?

A

The trachea

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14
Q

What are bronchi supported by?

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

What distribute oxygen to the lungs?

A

Bronchi

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16
Q

What type of muscle sare bronchioles? And what is there purpose?

A

Smooth muscle

dilate and constrict as oxygen passes through them

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17
Q

What is contained in the space referred to as the mediastinum (the space between the lungs)?

A 
Heart
Great Vessels
Esophagus
Trachea
Major bronchi
Nerves
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18
Q

What is the physical act of moving air in and out of the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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19
Q

What is the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as tissues of the body?

A

Respiration

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20
Q

What is the process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream?

A

Oxygenation

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21
Q

What is the active and muscular part of breathing?

A

Inhalation

The diaphragm and intercostal muscle contract

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22
Q

What occurs during inhalation?

A

The lungs use muscles and supporting structures to expand and oxygen and carbon dioxide both diffuse until the partial pressures in the air and blood are equal

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23
Q

What are the three components of the physiology of breathing?

A

Ventilation, oxygenation, and respiration

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24
Q

What are the two components of ventilation?

A

Inhalation

Exhalation

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25
Q

What is the part of ventilation that does not require muscular effort, is passive, and involves the smaller thorax to compress air into the lungs?

A

Exhalation

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26
Q

What is involved in the regulation of ventilation?

A

Complex series of receptors and feedback loops

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27
Q

What is the process that brings fresh air into the respiratory system and exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries?

A

External respiration (pulmonary respiration)

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28
Q

What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic circulatory systems and cells?

A

Internal respiration

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29
Q

Do ventilation and perfusion need to be matched?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What is the result of ventilation/perfusion mismatch?

A

Gas exchange does not take place
Lack of oxygen in the bloodstream
CO2 is recirculated within bloodstream
Severe hypoxemia can occur

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31
Q

What is the nerve that controls the diaphram?

A

The phrenic nerve

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32
Q

What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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33
Q

What is the spontaneous movement of gases in the lungs?

A

Diffusion

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34
Q

What are the circulatory causes that compromise respiration?

A

Blood loss
anemia
Hypovolemic shock
Vasodilatory shock

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35
Q
  1. What does accessory muscle use indicate?
A
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36
Q

What are the 5 delivery devices used to give oxygen?

A 
nasal cannula
Nebulizer therapy
Simple mask
Non Rebreather (NRB)
BVM
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37
Q

What is the dose for low to moderate flow via NC (nasal cannula) for oxygen?

A

0.25-6 LMP

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38
Q

What is the dose for oxygen administration with nebulizer therapy?

A

6-8 LPM to achieve a fine mist

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39
Q

What is the dose for oxygen administration via a simple mask?

A

8-10 LMP

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40
Q

What is the dose for administration of oxygen using a nonrebreather (NRB)?

A

12-15 LMP

41
Q

What is the dose for administration of oxygen using a BVM?

A

15+ LMP

42
Q

What is the term when the diaphragm relaxes squeezing the lungs?

A

Exhalation (exhale)

43
Q

What is the term when the diaphragm flattens causing the chest to rise (get bigger)?

A

Inhale (inhalation)

44
Q

What is the term for movement of air in and out of the lungs?

A

Ventilation

45
Q

What is cellular respiration that proceeds in the absence of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic

46
Q

What is the cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen?

A

Aerobic

47
Q

What is deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues?

A

Hypoxia

48
Q

What is the most effective way to open the airway?

A

Supine

Head tilt chin lift maneuver

49
Q

What are causes of airway obstruction?

A 
Dentures
blood
vomit
mucus 
food
50
Q

What is the most common airway obstruction?

A

The tongue

51
Q

What are the steps for the head Tilt- Chin lift maneuver?

A
  • With the patient supine, position yourself besides the patients head
  • Place the heel of one hand on the forehead, and appy firm backward pressure with the palm
  • Place the fingertips on the other hand under the lower jaw
  • Lift the chin upward, with the entire lower jaw
52
Q

When should the jaw-thrust menuever be used

A

If you suspect a cervical spine injury

53
Q

What are the steps of the Jaw-Thrust maneuver?

A
  • Kneel above the patients head
  • Place your fingers behind the angles of the lower jaw
  • Move the jaw upward
  • Use your thumbs to reposition the jaw
  • Once the airway is opened look at the chest and observe for movement.
54
Q

What are the steps in the cross-finger technique for the jaw thrust maneuver?

A
  • Place the tips of your index finger and thumb on the patient’s teeth
  • Push your thumb on the lower teeth
  • Push index finger on the upper teeth
  • The index finger and the thumb cross over each other
55
Q

What is positive pressure ventilation?

A

Forced air into the chest cavity (such as a BVM)

56
Q

What is the result of positive pressure ventilation?

A

Increased intrathoracic pressure reduced the blood pumped by the heart
More volume is required to have the same effects of normal breathing
AIr is forced into the stomach, causing gastric distention

57
Q

What is the result of positive pressure ventilation?

A

Decreased perfusion
increased tidal volume
gastric distention

58
Q

What are the signs of adequate ventilation?

A 
–Patient’s color improves
–Chest rises adequately
–No resistance when ventilating
–You hear and feel air escape as the 
patient exhales
59
Q

What is a combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used in trauma patients?

A

Head tilt-chin lift maneuver

60
Q

What is the technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringin the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury?

A

Jaw-thrust meneuver

61
Q

What is an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood?

A

Hypoxemia

62
Q

What is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting?

A

Nonrebreathing mask

63
Q

How do you use a nonreabreathing mask?

A

Make sure the reservoir bag is full before placing the mask on the patient, adjust the flow so the bag does not collapse when the patient inhales. Remove mask when oxygen therapy is discontinued

64
Q

What is the tubing device that delivers oxygen through two small tubelike prongs that fit into the nostrils?

A

Nasal Cannula

65
Q

What mask is similar to a nonrebreathing mask that does not have a one-way valve between the mask and the reservoir?

A

Partial rebreathing mask

66
Q

When is a partial rebreathing mask adventitious?

A

Hyperventilatings

67
Q

What type of mask is useful in long-term management of physiologically stable patients?

A

Venturi masks

68
Q

What mask is used where a number of settings can vary the percentage of oxygen while a constant flow is maintained?

A

Venturi mask

69
Q

What is the type of mask used for patients with tracheostomies (not able to breathe through their mouths and nose)?

A

Tracheostomy masks

70
Q

What are the two assisted ventilation treatments during respiratory distress/failure?

A 
Assisted ventilation (BVM)
CPAP
71
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inadequate ventilation?

A

Altered Mental Status (AMS)
Inadequate minute volume
Excessive accessory muscle use and fatigue

72
Q

What type of pressure is in normal breathing where the diaphragm contracts?

A

Negative pressure

73
Q

What is the most common method use to ventilate pateints in the field?

A

Bag-Valve mask (BVM)

74
Q

when using a bag valve mask is the tidal volume less, great, or equal to mouth to mask ventilation?

A

less

75
Q

What is the noninvasive ventilatory support for respiratory distress?

A

CPAP

76
Q

What is the mechanism of CPAP?

A

Increases pressure in the lungs
opens collapsed alveoli
Pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane
Forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation

77
Q

When is CPAP contraindictated?

A 
Patient in respiratory arrest
Signs and sx of pneumothorax or chest trauma
patient who has a tracheostomy
Active GI bleeding or vomiting
Not able to follow verbal commands
78
Q

What should you do if your patient has dentures and needs ventilation?

A

Remove the appliances before providing ventilations, leave well fitting dentures but remove loose fitting

79
Q

The process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs is called?

A

respiration

80
Q

What is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment?

A

Ventilation

81
Q

What is the series of processes by which food is converted into energy and products needed to sustain life?

A

Metabolism

82
Q

What is the active, muscular part of breathing?

A

Inhalation

83
Q

What is a respiratory condition that causes obstruction of the upper airway?

A

Croup

84
Q

What is a respiratory condition that causes obstruction of the lower airway?

A

Asthma

85
Q

Bronchospasm is most often associated with?

A

Asthma

86
Q

What is the inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes of the lungs?

A

Bronchitis

87
Q

What is the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, causing pain and difficulty breathing?

A

Pneumothorax

88
Q

An acute bacterial infection that
results in swelling of the flap that
covers the larynx during
swallowing is called?

A

Epiglottitis

89
Q

What is increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream?

A

Hypercarbia

90
Q

What is the amount of air (in mL) that is omved into or out of the lungs during one breath?

A

Tidal volume

91
Q

What is a blue skin discoloration that us caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood?

A

Cyanosis

92
Q

What is the hight-pitched sound heard on inspiration as air tries to pass through an obstruction in the upper airway?

A

Stridor

93
Q

What are the common conditions that have stridor?

A

Croup

Epiglottitis

94
Q

What are low-pitched rattling sounds caused by secretions or mucus in the larger airways?

A

Rhonchi

95
Q

What conditions are rhonchi heard in?

A

COPD
Pneumonia
Bronchitis

96
Q

What indicates constriction and or inflammation in the bronchus? Typically a lower airway and heard on expiration as a high pitched almost whistling souind?

A

Wheezing

97
Q

What conditions is wheezing most commonly heard?

A 
Asthma
COPD
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
pneumonia
anaphylaxis
bronchitis
98
Q

What is the crackling bubbling sound typically heard with inspiration as aur treid to pass through the fluid in the aveoli?

A

Rales aka crackles

99
Q

What conditions are crackles most often heard?

A

congestive heart failure (CHF)

pneumonia

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