Test #4

Question 1

Elimination

Answer 1

The act of expelling, especially from the body. Defecation and urination are both acts of elimination

Question 2

Embryo

Answer 2

The developing baby, from the time of conception until the seventh or eighth week of development. Compare with fetus.

Question 3

Endorphins

Answer 3

A hormone released by the brain to reduce pain sensations

Question 4

Enkephalin

Answer 4

A hormone released by the brain to reduce pain sensations

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

Another term for adrenaline. A catecholamine, or stress hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, generated as a response to fear or anxiety. Results in increased heart rate and breathing rate together with dilated pupils.

Question 6

External os

Answer 6

The opening of the cervix into the vagina

Question 7

Face presentation

Answer 7

A position the baby may adopt in the uterus, where the baby’s face is presenting against the cervix.

Question 8

Fetal Attitude

Answer 8

Description of the baby’s position in the uterus, usually describing the degree of flexion of the head and the position of other body parts. A normal attitude is when the fetus has its head tucked in with the chin close to the chest, with arms and legs tucked in close to its body. an abnormal attitude is when the fetus has its head bent back, or extended, at the neck or arms and legs in abnormal positions such as behind the body. A well-flexed head is easier to birth as the diameters are smaller. An extended attitude is more common with posterior positions.

Question 9

Fetal lie

Answer 9

This describes the position of the baby in relation to the axis of the mother’s uterus. If the axis of the head to tow of the fetus is parallel with the axis of the mother’s head to tailbone, the baby is said to have longitudinal lie. If they are at 90 degrees to each other, the baby has a transverse lie.

Question 10

Fetal Position

Answer 10

The relationship of the fetus to the four quadrants, or sections, of the maternal pelvis. The baby is described as being anterior (to the front of the pelvis), posterior (to the back), left (to the left side of the mother) or right (to the right side of the mother).

Question 11

Week 3

Answer 11

Heart beat begins on about day 18

Question 12

Week 4-5

Answer 12

Heart beats at a regular rhythm

Question 13

Week 6

Answer 13

Lungs begin to develop

Question 14

Week 7

Answer 14

All essential organs have now begun to form

Question 15

Week 8

Answer 15

Kidneys are now functioning

Question 16

Week 10

Answer 16

Nervous system now responsive

Question 17

Week 12

Answer 17

Fetus is about 10 cm long and fetus can make a fist with its fingers

Question 18

Week 16

Answer 18

Lanugo develops on the head

Question 19

Week 18

Answer 19

Ovaries of the female fetus are now fully formed and contain all the egg cells she will have for her lifetime

Question 20

Week 20

Answer 20

Quickening usually occurs (the mother can feel fetus moving)

Question 21

Week 24

Answer 21

Baby now can see

Question 22

Week 28

Answer 22

Fetus has 2-3% body fat

Question 23

Week 32

Answer 23

pupils are now colored

Question 24

Week 36

Answer 24

creases appear around the neck and wrists

Question 25

Week 38

Answer 25

The fetus is now considered “term” and being born any time in the next four weeks is normal

Question 26

Week 40

Answer 26

15% of body weight is fat

Question 27

Week 42

Answer 27

This is the end of the normal due period for the baby to be born

Question 28

What 5 main bones form the skull?

Answer 28

2 Frontal, 2 parietal, 1 occipital

Question 29

What are the gaps called between the fetal skull bones?

Answer 29

Fontanels. They enable the bones to slide over one another an reduce the diameter of the skull

Question 30

Occipital bone

Answer 30

The occipital bone lies at the back of the skull and serves the purpose of protecting the spinal cord. During labor, a baby with a well flexed head presents with the occiput. It fits snugly at the cervix to promote dilation.

Question 31

Parietal bones

Answer 31

The parietal bones are on each side of the skull. At the top is the anterior fontanel. At the base is the posterior, or back, fontanel.

Question 32

Frontal bones

Answer 32

Frontal bones are at the forehead. They form the front of the skull and have sutures in between. As the child grows older these bones will slowly fuse together. They are not completely fused until the age of 8 years.

Question 33

What ways can the baby’s head lay in the pelvis?

Answer 33

1. The most optimum position is with its head flexed down, chin on chest. It helps it to best negotiate the pelvis.
2. In most cases the baby’s head grows to a size that will fit through a mother’s pelvis.
3. If the baby’s head is slightly extended, not tucked, and doesn’t find an optimum position, a vaginal delivery would be more difficult. This is commonly seen in a brow presentation.
4. If the baby’s head is neither flexed nor extended, but just sitting straight, this is a common position for a posterior baby to lie in. It’s back would be against the mother’s spine.

Question 34

What is the function of the chorionic villi?

Answer 34

The tiny hair-like projections, or chorionic villi, on the surface of the blastocyst open up the mother’s blood vessels to let nutrients be absorbed from her blood and passed through to the developing baby.

Question 35

When is the placenta fully functioning?

Answer 35

10 weeks after conception

Question 36

How much does the placenta weigh?

Answer 36

In the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, the placenta weights more than the fetus does. At 40 weeks, the placenta is about 2.5 cm thick in the center and has a diameter of about 15-20 cm. The placenta weighs approximately 1 pound and 1.63 ounces.

Question 37

Cotyledons

Answer 37

The maternal placental side is made up of a series of lobules called cotyledons. The maternal side of the placenta is rough while the baby’s side is smooth.

Question 38

What are the functions of the placenta

Answer 38

Nutrition, Respiration, excretion, Storage and production, immunity, endocrine (hormones), amniotic fluid

Question 39

What hormones is the placenta responsible for producing

Answer 39

HcG, Human placental lactogen (impact on the metabolism of glucose, estrogen, progesterone

Question 40

What is amniotic fluid and what does it do?

Answer 40

It allows the fetus to be able to move freely within the fetal sac. It keeps the baby at a constant temperature and equalizes the pressure on the baby and the umbilical cord. It is fully replaced every 3 hours. The fluid is produced by the mother’s blood vessels, majority is excreted urine from baby. At 38 weeks the average volume is 1 liter. Mostly made up of Dead skin cells, vernix, lanugo

Question 41

What is the umbilical cord and what is it responsible for?

Answer 41

Passing blood back and forth from the fetus to the placenta. It has an average length of about 50cm. A short cord is less then 40cm.

Question 42

What physical changes might a woman notice early in pregnancy?

Answer 42

Fullness in the breast and sore nipples, nausea, changes in smell and taste, food cravings and aversions

Question 43

What changes occur to the uterus during pregnancy?

Answer 43

They grow up to 20 times longer than their non pregnant state, Estrogen and progesterone cause the muscle fibers to increase in number and size, 12 weeks: grapefruit; 20 weeks, fundus is thicker and rounder

Question 44

What functions do the cervix provide during pregnancy?

Answer 44

It remains about the same length but becomes rounder. It provides protection for the baby through the presence of thick viscous mucus, It becomes softer and thinner during the last weeks of pregnancy; it progressively moves from a posterior to anterior position

Question 45

What changes happen to the vagina during pregnancy?

Answer 45

The tissues become more elastic. It becomes more acidic to protect from infection. It becomes more vascular due to an increase in blood supply so that the tissues are more stretchy.

Question 46

What changes occur to a woman’s respiratory system when she is pregnant?

Answer 46

Lining becomes slightly swollen to the increased blood supply (leads to stuffiness); chest changes shape as the uterus grows larger

Question 47

What changes occur to a woman’s heart and blood during pregnancy?

Answer 47

Heart muscle cells become enlarged; temporary murmurs can be heard; mother produces more blood in order to provide enough oxygen for the growing fetus and mother’s expanding tissues, heart rate and stroke volume increases, the total blood volume increases to 5.5 liters

Question 48

What changes occur to a woman’s urinary system?

Answer 48

100 additional liters of fluid pass into kidneys each day. Pregnant women are more prone to urinary Tract infections

Question 49

What changes occur to the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 49

Increase in estrogen makes gums soft and spongy; metallic taste i mouths, pica, constipation

Question 50

What changes occur to the skin during pregnancy?

Answer 50

pituitary gland release an increased amount of melanin stimulating hormone so that areas of the skin become darker; Angiomas–small red lumps on face, neck, chest, or arms; stretch marks, sweating, weight gain

Question 51

What changes occur to the musculoskeletal tract

Answer 51

joints ligaments and muscles become relaxed. center of gravity shifts; posture problems.

Question 52

Changes to the breast

Answer 52

tingling or sensitivity to the breasts and nipples; Montgomery tubercles: cleaning the areola

Question 53

What emotional changes occur during pregnancy?

Answer 53

Sensitive to the suffering and hardships of others; crying more; protection toward baby;