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Introduction to Childbirth > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 Pelvic bones?

A

Coxal, Coxal, Sacrum, Coccyx

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2
Q

Name the 3 parts of the coxal bones

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

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3
Q

What is the name of the socket where the thighbone connects to the pelvis

A

Acetabelum

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4
Q

In the female fetus, which 3 parts of the pelvis fuse together later in life?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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5
Q

Flat line that goes from the sacrum over the inlet of the pelvis to the top of the pubic arch?

A

Pelvic Brim

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6
Q

What are the two names that reference the part that lies above and in front of the pelvis brim?

A

Greater or false pelvis

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7
Q

What are the two names of the part that lies below the pelvic brim, consisting of the brim, pelvic cavity, and outlet?

A

Lesser or true pelvis

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8
Q

List 3 differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

Male pelvis: sit bones are closer to together, more heart-shaped than the female pelvis, female sacrum is shorter and flatter

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9
Q

Name the 4 pelvis types and list them in order of most common to least common?

A

Gynecoid, anthropoid, android, platypelloid

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10
Q

Name the 4 pelvic joints

A

Sacro-iliac, sacro-iliac, sacrococcygeal, symphysis pubis

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11
Q

Which joints are the strongest joins in the human body?

A

Sacro-iliac joints

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12
Q

The pelvic inlet is widest from

A

side to side

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13
Q

The pelvic outlet is widest from

A

front to back

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14
Q

What is another name for the ischial spines or ischial tuberosities?

A

“sit bones”

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15
Q

If you were working with a woman who was experiencing either symphysis pubis or sacroiliac pain, you may find it benefit to explain the reason for her pain. How would you do this?

A

Due to the relaxing effects of the hormone relaxin, which is elevated during pregnancy, the bones in your pelvis expand, making for easier passage of the baby through your pelvis. As the cartilage, called the syphisis pubis, stretches, you will feel pain, but it is productive in that it is increasing the ease with which your baby negotiates the pelvis.

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16
Q

How do the pelvis floor mucles work together with the uterus to assist the baby during birth?

A

They provide a wall of muscles for the uterus to push against so that the baby can properly negotiate the pelvis by turning his head.

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17
Q

List 2 functions of pelvic floor muscles?

A

They provide support for the internal organs; they control urination and defecation

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18
Q

Name the 3 muscular layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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19
Q

Which muscular lyaer does a life saving work by contrating strongly to form living ligatures for the blood vessels that remain from the placental site, preventing excessive bleeding after birth?

A

myometrium

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes?

A

The purpose of the fallopian tubes is the guide the egg to the uterus for implantation. Conception happens in the fallopian tubes.

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21
Q

What are the finger-like protrusions called that catch the egg as it is released from the ovary?

A

Fimbria

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22
Q

List the internal female reproductive organs

A

Uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina

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23
Q

List the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

Production of eggs or ova; Production of estrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

The measure is how many inches

A

4-6

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25
Q

List 3 purposes the vagina serves

A

Exit or passageway for blood during menstrual period; receptor of tip of penis during intercourse; birth canal for baby.

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26
Q

List the external female reproductive organs

A

mons pubis, hood of clitoris, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, urethra (urethral opening), vaginal opening, Bartholin’s glands

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27
Q

A woman’s monthly cycles are controlled by the relase of which certain hormones?

A

Estrogen, Progesterone, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (lutenizing hormone)

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28
Q

Draw the diagram from class

A

hypothalamus and pitutary release GNRH, FSH and LH go to the ovaries, Estrogen and progesterone back to the brain

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29
Q

On which day of the ovaria cycle does the egg begin to develop and mature in the ovary?

A

5th day

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30
Q

Each egg is surrounded by a group of cells called

A

follicles

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31
Q

Ovulation occurs about how many days from the end of the cycle?

A

14

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32
Q

Assuming fertilization does not occur, how long does the egg remain alive?

A

12-24 hours

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33
Q

What is the name of the yellow structure that the ruptured follicle becomes after ovulation has taken place?

A

corpus luteum

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34
Q

What function does the above structure serve and for how long?

A

This structure release the hormone progesterone until about 10 weeks, when the placenta takes over.

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35
Q

What does HCG stand for and what is it?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin; It is the hormone produced by an implanted embryo.

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36
Q

List 3 secondary sex characteristics that estrogen is responsible for:

A

Breast growth and development; hair distribution; female body shape

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37
Q

List three functions of progesterone in the second half or luteal phase, of a woman’s cycle?

A

Thickening of the endometrium; causes slight increase of temperature after ovulation; increases blood supply to the uterus to prepare for implantation

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38
Q

What 3 factors must be present for conception to occur?

A

Healthy egg, Healthy sperm, healthy medium for sperm to thrive

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39
Q

List 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual phase: lining of endomentrium is shed (3-7 days); proliferative phase: lining of endometrium is rebuilt; lining of endometrium becomes soft and spongy to prepare for implantation.

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40
Q

A newly fertilized egg is called what until it begins its cell-dividing journey to the uterus?

A

zygote

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41
Q

Ceel division occurs about every how many hours

A

12

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42
Q

Once it has divided to create about 32 cells it is called what, and a fluid filled cavity appears in the cluster of cells

A

morula

43
Q

How long is the jounrey of the fertilized egg from the fallopian tube to the enometrial lining?

A

3-4 days

44
Q

How many cells has the fertilized egg divided into by the time it implants into the uterus?

A

100

45
Q

What is Corpus luteum deficiency and how can it affect a pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum deficiency occurs when the corpus luteum does not produce enough of the hormone progesterone. It fan result in miscarriage.

46
Q

When there is an outer shell of cells with an attached inner layer the fertilized egg becomes known as the

A

blastocyst

47
Q

The inner cells of the blastocyst that are clumped together will develop into the

A

fetus, amnion, and umbilical chord

48
Q

The outer cells, known as the trophoblast, will develop into the

A

placenta and chorion

49
Q

List the three primary fertility signs that virtually all ovulating women produce

A

waking temperature, cervical fluid, cervical position

50
Q

List 3 benefits of taking one’s waking temperature every day

A

You can become aware of when you are about to start your period; you can know when you ovulate in order to prevent pregnancy; you can know when you are most fertile in order to achieve pregnancy

51
Q

List two functions of cervical fluid

A

Alkaline substance to protect sperm from acidity of vagina; medium through which sperm can

52
Q

What acronym describes what the cervix feels like as a woman approaches ovulations? What does it stand for? What does it mean?

A

Soft, High, Open, Wet

53
Q

Name 3 things that can delay or even prevent ovulation

A

Stress, illness, travel, medication, strenuous exercise

54
Q

How does on-demand breastfeeding affect ovulation and how does this work physiologically?

A

On demand breastfeeding prevent ovulation. It signals the relase of the hormone prolactin, which suppresses estrogen and thus prevents ovulation. The baby must be breastfeeding consistently, day and night. The idea is that prolactin, the mothering hormone, signals to your body that you are already caring for a young child and do not need to become pregnant.

55
Q

What type of relationship is ideal for the use of FAM? Under what circumstances is it not advisable to use FAM as a family planning method?

A

A long-term mutually monogamous relationship is ideal for using FAM. If you are unsure of your partner’s sexual activity it is not advisable to use FAM because of the risk of HIV and STDs. Also, if you and your partner do not have the self control to utilize this method, it is not advised. Lastly, if you feel you absolutely shouldn’t become pregnant, this method is not advisable.

56
Q

How might you explain to a woman you are educating the reason why she is not ovulating but still continuing to bleed?

A

Estrogen withdrawal bleeding and estrogen breakthrough bleeding

57
Q

Ovulation pain is an excellent secondary fertility sign.

A

True

58
Q

About how many women experience midcycle pain around their ovulation?

A

1 in 5

59
Q

Name the 5 main bones that make up the fetal skull?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

60
Q

What is the name of the small gaps found between the fetal skull bones?

A

fontanels?

61
Q

How are these gaps of benefit during birth proess?

A

bones can slide over one another, making diameter of the head smaller

62
Q

Which of the fetal bones don’t completely fuse together until 8 years old?

A

Two parietal bones

63
Q

What are the palpable places on the fetal skull, where the bones meet together?

A

suture lines

64
Q

How many layers of tissue are there between the maternal and fetal blood, preventing maternal and fetal blood from mixing directly?

A

4 layers of tissue

65
Q

There is a higher proportion of what in the what blood than in the what blood, making it dangerous for them to mix

A

amino acids; fetal; maternal

66
Q

How much does the average placenta weigh?

A

1 pound and 1.63 ounces

67
Q

The placental surface of the maternal side lying against the uterus is what, while the surface against the baby is what

A

rough, smooth

68
Q

The maternal placental side if made up of a series of lobules called

A

cotlyledons

69
Q

LIst the 7 crucial functions of the placenta

A

respiration, nutrition, excretion, storage, production, endocrine, protection

70
Q

Describe 3 functions of amniotic fluid

A

maintain a constant temperature, equalize pressure on the umbilical cord and baby, protect baby from sharp movements

71
Q

Amniotic fluid is made up of 99% what with a small amount of waste product including 3 things

A

water; lanugo, vernix, dead skin cells

72
Q

The umbilical cord consists of how many arteries, veins, and is encased in a layer called what?

A

2 arteries, 1 vein, Wharton’s jelly

73
Q

Explain what is taking place when a pregnant woman experiences “lightening”.

A

The baby is descening and engaging more in the pelvis. This can allow a woman to breathe easier and feel like she has more space inside. It may not be experienced with second and subsequent pregnancies because the tissues muscles, and ligaments are already looser.

74
Q

Describe the change that occurs to the respiratory system during pregnancy?

A

The walls of the respiratory system become swollen, causing the stuffiness that is often associated with pregnancy. The growing uterus alos pushes ont he lungs which compresses them and causes them to shift position

75
Q

Why doesn’t a pregnant woman’s blood pressure rise?

A

The relaxing effects of progesterone and prostaglandins on the blood vessel walls to provide less resistance to the increased volume of blood.

76
Q

A pregnant mother excretes less urine when she is standing or in an upright position

A

…

77
Q

Explain why a woman experiences increased nocturne?

A

Standing during the day can cause the ureters to become kinked and therefore fluid moves into the tissues, causing eden, rather than being able to pass to the baldder and out of the woman. When she lies down, the relase of pressure from the uterus allow the ureters to properly function and she is able to urinate freely.

78
Q

Why are pregnant women more prone to urinary tract infections?

A

The eight of the growing uterus can kink to ureters and cause urine to have a longer passage before leaving the body. This allows bacteria longer to multiply and take hold. Also harder to completely empty bladder because of relaxing effects of progesterone

79
Q

List 3 changes that occur in the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?

A

Sponginess of gums due to increased estrogen, nausea, metallic taste in mouth

80
Q

What is linea nigra?

A

Darker line that forms underneath the bellybutton

81
Q

What is chloasma?

A

Mask of pregnancy, dark spots that can appear on face.

82
Q

List 3 Changes that take place with a woman’s breasts in pregnancy?

A

Nipples become mroe erect due to increased blood supply, angiomas can form, montgomery tubercles become more pronounced

83
Q

Explain one way a pregnant woman’s due date can be calculated according to her last menstrual period

A

LMP + 7 days - 3 months or LMP +280 days

84
Q

In North America the lowest number of births occur in what season while the highest number occur when?

A

spring, fall

85
Q

This north american birth cycle pattern is also true for which other regions?

A

Middle East, Asia, Africa

86
Q

The initiation of labor is a complex process involving hormonal responses from which 3 sources

A

mother’s brain, baby’s brain, placenta

87
Q

In the last 5 weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen increases in relation to progesterone.

A

true

88
Q

The placenta itself secretes oxytocin adn that it is placental oxytocin, rather than pituitary oxytocin that initiates labor

A

true

89
Q

What crucial role does prostaglandins with relaxin play in the labor and birth process?

A

They help to soften the cervix in preparation for labor along with relaxin, which softens pelvic ligaments.

90
Q

Up to how many hours is labor considered normal?

A

24

91
Q

Explain Fetal Avis Pressure

A

FAP–>more oxytocin–>more contractions–>more FAP

92
Q

NAme the four major hormonal systems active during labor and birth:

A

oxytocin, endorphins, epinephrine and norepinephrine, prolactin

93
Q

When defining labor medically, it is divided into what three stages:

A

Cervical effacement and dilation, expulsion of baby, expulsion of placenta

94
Q

How would you educate a woman concerning Braxton Hicks contractions?

A

Braxton Hicks contractions are like practice contractions that are generally mild and don’t change the cervix. These usually stop when you lay down or rest and are not felt by all women.

95
Q

What are effacement contractions and where can they usually be felt internally and externally?

A

Effacement contractions help the cervix to thin so that it can dilate. They are fleet in the back and around to the abdomen of the mother and can be felt by placing your hand on the mother’s abdomen to feel for hardening.

96
Q

Explain what is physiologically taking place in the uterus during a contraction

A

The uterus shortens and lengthens during contractions. The upper segment of your uterus shortens, or contracts, while the lower segment gives way so that your baby can negotiate the pelvis. As this continues, your uterine muscles stay contracted so the baby continues to move down

97
Q

how many segments is the uterus made of?

A

2

98
Q

Upper segment

A

contracts and pushes the baby down

99
Q

lower segment

A

gives way to allow the baby to go down and out

100
Q

How are uterine muscles unique in their action?

A

After a contraction they remain contracted; retraction.

101
Q

When and why might a woman experience bloody show?

A

Toward the end of pregnancy as body prepare for labor, dislodging of mucous and bursting of capillaries in cervix

102
Q

In about what percent of pregnancies does the amniotic sac break before labor begins?

A

12%

103
Q

In primiparous women, the cervix usually effaces before it dilates, and these two events happen together in multiparous women.

A

true

104
Q

What are 3 characteristics of dilation contractions?

A

longer, more intense, cause cervix to open

Introduction to Childbirth (11 decks)

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