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Mind, Brain and Behavior > Test 3: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythm > Flashcards

Test 3: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythm Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Physiological Measures of Sleep

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  2. Electrooculogram (EOG)
  3. Electromyogram (EMG)
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2
Q

How do EEGs measure the physiology of sleep

A

records brain waves

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3
Q

How do EOGs measure the physiology of sleep

A

Records eye movements seen during REM sleep

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4
Q

How do EMGs measure the physiology of sleep?

A

records the loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages

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5
Q

Just before sleep (EEG)

A
  1. alpha waves: bursts of 8-12 hz
  2. eyes are closed, prepared to sleep
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6
Q

What is the pattern of EEG voltage as sleep progresses through stages 1 - 4

A

amplitude increases and frequency decreases up and down up and down

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7
Q

Stage 1 Sleep - EEG

A

Similar to awake EEG but slower

Low voltage (amplitude), high frequency

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8
Q

Stage 2 Sleep - EEG

A

K complexes: large negative waves

Sleep spingles: bursts of 12-14 hz waves

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9
Q

Stages 3 and 4 Sleep - EEG

A

delta waves: large and slow

SWS - slow wave sleep

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10
Q

How do emergent stages differ from the initial stage 1 (3 reasons)

A

REM occurs

Loss of body core muscle tone

Initial stage 1 does not show any striking EMG/EOG changes

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11
Q

What happens to stages as the night progresses?

A

More time is spent in emerging stage ones as the night goes on

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12
Q

80% of awakenings from REM report ________

A

story like dreams

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13
Q

What may be incorporated into dreams?

A

External stimuli

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14
Q

2 Features of dreams

A
  • They run on real time
  • Everyone dreams
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15
Q

What did Freud believe about dreams?

A

Dreams were triggered by unacceptable repressed wishes

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16
Q

manifest dreams versus latent dreams

A

what we experience

the underlying meaning

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17
Q

4 theories of why we dream

A

Freudian

Activation synthesis

Recuperation

Adaptation

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18
Q

Describe activation synthesis theory for dreams

A

Cortex creates a story in effort to make sense of the brain’s activity

The story is synthesized as a consequence of brain activity

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19
Q

2 Recuperation theories of sleep

A

Sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

Toxins are flushed out during sleep

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20
Q

Adaptation theory of sleep

A

Sleep is the result of internal timing mechanism

Sleep evolved to protect us from dangers at night

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21
Q

3 ways sleep enhances memory after learning

A
  1. Encourages growth of dendritic spines
  2. Activity of brain cells is critical for growth
  3. Sleep helps consolidate and strengthen new memories
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22
Q

Zeitgebers

A

environmental cues that entrain cycles

pltotre (light)

non photic (like goof)

23
Q

phase delay

A

after westbound flight

repeat an earlier phase

takes less time to synch

24
Q

phase advance

A

east boundflights

jump to later phase

takes longer to readjust

25
Q

What do recuperation theories predict about sleep deprivation?

A

Leads to disturbances

Disturbances get worse as deprivation continues

After, much of the missed sleep will be regained after

26
Q

3 characteristics of 3-4 hrs of missed sleep in one night

A

increase in sleepiness

disturbances on written mood tests

poor performance on tests of vigilance

27
Q

What occurs after 2-3 days of continuous sleep deprivation

A

microsleeps (2-3 second naps)

28
Q

REM rebound

A

more time is spent in REM when deprevation is over

29
Q

2 consistent effects of REM sleep deprivation

A

you fall into REM more rapidly as deprivation increases

REM rebound

30
Q

encephalitis lethargica

A

WWI viral infection

some would sleep continuously, others not at all

31
Q

encephalitis wakefulness damage

excessive sleep damage

A

anterior hypothalamus and adjacent forebrain

posterior hypothalamus and adjacent midbrain

32
Q

SCN

What does it stand for

Where

What is it

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Medial hypothalamus

Major circadian clock

33
Q

What happens when SCN is lesioned?

A

Abolishes periocity

34
Q

Transplantation of SCN

A

transplant of sleep-wake cycle

35
Q

Evidence of other circadian rhythm clocks other than SCN

3

A

Some rhythm intact after SCN is removed

Environmental stimuli still helps after SCN is removed

Free-running circadian rhythms (cells controlling body temp, cortisol and urine potassium)

36
Q

Melatonin

A

a hormone synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland

37
Q

What is the pineal gland involved in the timing of?

A

Sexual maturity

38
Q

_____ levels show circadian rhythms are controlled by the SCN

A

melatonin

39
Q

What happens when light inhibits melatonin

A

faster sexual maturity

40
Q

How can melatonin be used for sleep?

A

to shift circadian rhythms

41
Q

What percent of people report sleep related problems

A

around 30

42
Q

4 types of insomnia

A

iatrogenic

sleep apnea

nocturnal myoclonus

RLS

43
Q

Iatrogenic insomnia

A

physician created

the result of sleeping pill use

44
Q

Sleep apnea

A

repeated awakenings from breathing stops at night

45
Q

2 types of sleep apnea

A

Caused by muscle spasms/loss of muscle strength

Failure of CNS to stimulate breathing

46
Q

Nocturnal myoclonus

A

body twitching

most unaware of why they aren’t rested

47
Q

RLS

A

uneasiness in the legs that prevents sleep

48
Q

Narcolepsy

A

severe daytime sleepiness and repeated brief daytime sleeping attacks

49
Q

cataplexy

A

loss of muscle tone while awake

50
Q

sleep paralysis

A

loss of muscle tone while awake

51
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

dreaming while awake

52
Q

Narcoleptics and REM

A

Enter directly into REM

dreaming and loss of muscle tone while awake suggest REM is intruding into wakefulness

53
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

what may it be tied to?

how is it treated sometimes?

What is the underlying problem?

A

amount of light

light therapy

problem with pineal gland and/or melatonin

Mind, Brain and Behavior (10 decks)

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