Test 3: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythm

Question 1

3 Physiological Measures of Sleep

Answer 1

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Electrooculogram (EOG)
3. Electromyogram (EMG)

Question 2

How do EEGs measure the physiology of sleep

Answer 2

records brain waves

Question 3

How do EOGs measure the physiology of sleep

Answer 3

Records eye movements seen during REM sleep

Question 4

How do EMGs measure the physiology of sleep?

Answer 4

records the loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages

Question 5

Just before sleep (EEG)

Answer 5

1. alpha waves: bursts of 8-12 hz
2. eyes are closed, prepared to sleep

Question 6

What is the pattern of EEG voltage as sleep progresses through stages 1 - 4

Answer 6

amplitude increases and frequency decreases up and down up and down

Question 7

Stage 1 Sleep - EEG

Answer 7

Similar to awake EEG but slower

Low voltage (amplitude), high frequency

Question 8

Stage 2 Sleep - EEG

Answer 8

K complexes: large negative waves

Sleep spingles: bursts of 12-14 hz waves

Question 9

Stages 3 and 4 Sleep - EEG

Answer 9

delta waves: large and slow

SWS - slow wave sleep

Question 10

How do emergent stages differ from the initial stage 1 (3 reasons)

Answer 10

REM occurs

Loss of body core muscle tone

Initial stage 1 does not show any striking EMG/EOG changes

Question 11

What happens to stages as the night progresses?

Answer 11

More time is spent in emerging stage ones as the night goes on

Question 12

80% of awakenings from REM report ________

Answer 12

story like dreams

Question 13

What may be incorporated into dreams?

Answer 13

External stimuli

Question 14

2 Features of dreams

Answer 14

• They run on real time
• Everyone dreams

Question 15

What did Freud believe about dreams?

Answer 15

Dreams were triggered by unacceptable repressed wishes

Question 16

manifest dreams versus latent dreams

Answer 16

what we experience

the underlying meaning

Question 17

4 theories of why we dream

Answer 17

Freudian

Activation synthesis

Recuperation

Adaptation

Question 18

Describe activation synthesis theory for dreams

Answer 18

Cortex creates a story in effort to make sense of the brain’s activity

The story is synthesized as a consequence of brain activity

Question 19

2 Recuperation theories of sleep

Answer 19

Sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

Toxins are flushed out during sleep

Question 20

Adaptation theory of sleep

Answer 20

Sleep is the result of internal timing mechanism

Sleep evolved to protect us from dangers at night

Question 21

3 ways sleep enhances memory after learning

Answer 21

1. Encourages growth of dendritic spines
2. Activity of brain cells is critical for growth
3. Sleep helps consolidate and strengthen new memories

Question 22

Zeitgebers

Answer 22

environmental cues that entrain cycles

pltotre (light)

non photic (like goof)

Question 23

phase delay

Answer 23

after westbound flight

repeat an earlier phase

takes less time to synch

Question 24

phase advance

Answer 24

east boundflights

jump to later phase

takes longer to readjust

Question 25

What do recuperation theories predict about sleep deprivation?

Answer 25

Leads to disturbances Disturbances get worse as deprivation continues After, much of the missed sleep will be regained after

Question 26

3 characteristics of 3-4 hrs of missed sleep in one night

Answer 26

increase in sleepiness disturbances on written mood tests poor performance on tests of vigilance

Question 27

What occurs after 2-3 days of continuous sleep deprivation

Answer 27

microsleeps (2-3 second naps)

Question 28

REM rebound

Answer 28

more time is spent in REM when deprevation is over

Question 29

2 consistent effects of REM sleep deprivation

Answer 29

you fall into REM more rapidly as deprivation increases REM rebound

Question 30

encephalitis lethargica

Answer 30

WWI viral infection some would sleep continuously, others not at all

Question 31

encephalitis wakefulness damage excessive sleep damage

Answer 31

anterior hypothalamus and adjacent forebrain posterior hypothalamus and adjacent midbrain

Question 32

SCN What does it stand for Where What is it

Answer 32

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Medial hypothalamus Major circadian clock

Question 33

What happens when SCN is lesioned?

Answer 33

Abolishes periocity

Question 34

Transplantation of SCN

Answer 34

transplant of sleep-wake cycle

Question 35

Evidence of other circadian rhythm clocks other than SCN 3

Answer 35

Some rhythm intact after SCN is removed Environmental stimuli still helps after SCN is removed Free-running circadian rhythms (cells controlling body temp, cortisol and urine potassium)

Question 36

Melatonin

Answer 36

a hormone synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland

Question 37

What is the pineal gland involved in the timing of?

Answer 37

Sexual maturity

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_ levels show circadian rhythms are controlled by the SCN

Answer 38

melatonin

Question 39

What happens when light inhibits melatonin

Answer 39

faster sexual maturity

Question 40

How can melatonin be used for sleep?

Answer 40

to shift circadian rhythms

Question 41

What percent of people report sleep related problems

Answer 41

around 30

Question 42

4 types of insomnia

Answer 42

iatrogenic sleep apnea nocturnal myoclonus RLS

Question 43

Iatrogenic insomnia

Answer 43

physician created the result of sleeping pill use

Question 44

Sleep apnea

Answer 44

repeated awakenings from breathing stops at night

Question 45

2 types of sleep apnea

Answer 45

Caused by muscle spasms/loss of muscle strength Failure of CNS to stimulate breathing

Question 46

Nocturnal myoclonus

Answer 46

body twitching most unaware of why they aren't rested

Question 47

RLS

Answer 47

uneasiness in the legs that prevents sleep

Question 48

Narcolepsy

Answer 48

severe daytime sleepiness and repeated brief daytime sleeping attacks

Question 49

cataplexy

Answer 49

loss of muscle tone while awake

Question 50

sleep paralysis

Answer 50

loss of muscle tone while awake

Question 51

hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 51

dreaming while awake

Question 52

Narcoleptics and REM

Answer 52

Enter directly into REM dreaming and loss of muscle tone while awake suggest REM is intruding into wakefulness

Question 53

Seasonal Affective Disorder what may it be tied to? how is it treated sometimes? What is the underlying problem?

Answer 53

amount of light light therapy problem with pineal gland and/or melatonin