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Mind, Brain and Behavior > Test 2: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress & Health > Flashcards

Test 2: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress & Health Flashcards

1
Q

Phineas Gage: why would an iron through the skull lead to dramatic personality changes?

A

Damage to medial prefrontal lobes

These deal with planning and emotion

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2
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution of Emotion

A

Emotion expression evolves from the behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next

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3
Q

According to Darwin how do emotions evolve?

What can happen throughout evolution

A

If they show to be beneficial they will evolve to communicate more effectively

May lose original meaning

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4
Q

Describe the Commonsense View theory of emotion

Give an example

A

First comes conscious awareness, then physiological activity

Ex: You become afraid…then your heart starts beating faster

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5
Q

James-Lange Theory of emotion

Examples

A

Emotion experiences are a result of perceiving physiological changes

Ex: Feel sad because we cry; afraid because we run

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6
Q

Stages of James-Lange theory of emotion

A
  1. Emotional situation
  2. Body’s reactions - motor and autonomic
  3. Perception of the emotion
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7
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Describe brain activity

A

The experience of emotion and physiological reactions occur at the same time

                                                                               Message splits after the thalamus to:                               Cerebral cortex (emotional experience)

Hypothalamus (controls ANS/physical reactions

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8
Q

Who is associated with cognitive theory of emotion

A

Stanley Schachter

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9
Q

Schachter’s cognitive theory of emotion

A

Emotional experiences are based on physiological arousal and cognitive evaluation

We you become aware of internal arousal you try to figure out what is causing it and unless you know specifically why it is happening you will attribute the arousal to something in the environment

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10
Q

How did Schachter and Singer study emotion

A

Subjects injected with epinephrine or placebo

Told, not told, or misinformed

Placed in room with a confederate who was either happy or angry

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11
Q

What were the results of the Schachter and Singer emotion study?

A

Informed participants weren’t very affected by confederates

Uninformed participants felt the confederate’s emotion; they didn’t understand their physical state so they relied on the environment

Misinformed subjects with a happy confederate experienced the arousal as happiness

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12
Q

Describe the Papez-McClean theory of emotion

What is hippocampus involved in?

What happens when amygdala is stimulated?

What happens when a certain part is lesioned? And which “part” from above is it paired with

A

The limbic system is the anatomical substrate for emotion

Learning memory and stress reactions

If its one part - rage; If another - fear

If you lesion the rage part you become docile

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13
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Present a NS with an aversive stimulus….eventually NS alone will cause conditioned fear response

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14
Q

How is a conditioned fear response usually expressed in animals?

A

defensive behavior

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15
Q

What can lesions on the amygdala block?

A

fear conditioning

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16
Q

Which sensory systems does the amygdala receive input from

A

All of them

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17
Q

What does the amygdala do physically in concerns of emotion?

A

Adds emotional significance to a stimulus

It projects to the brainstem regions that control emotional behavior output

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18
Q

What emotional situation is the lateral amygdala critical for?

How?

A

Conditioned fear

The prefrontal cortex suppresses conditioned fears by inhibiting the lateral amygdala

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19
Q

How is the hippocampus involved in fear conditioning?

A

It informs the lateral amygdala about the context of the fear-related event

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20
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

What causes it and what are the symptoms?

A

Bilateral temporal lobe damage

They studied it in monkies…it is rare disorder in humans

hyperoral, memory loss and agnosia (inability to remember familiar objects), hypersexualized, placidity (docile), and visual distractibility

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21
Q

What happens when the septum is stimulated?

When lesioned?

A

decreased emotionality

rage or hyperemotionality

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22
Q

What happens when the septum is lesioned first before the amygdala?

And the reverse order?

A

Hyperemotionality (“wiped out”)

Hyperemotionality but less than when its only the septum

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23
Q

Stimulation of cingulate cortex

Lesion of cingulate cortex

A

Fear

Raised threshold and less emotionality

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24
Q

What is the current approach to studying human emotion

A

cognitive neuroscience

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25
what is the nature of emotion in brain activity
it is not concentrated to a single area; its handled all over
26
What brain activity is correlated with emotion and empathy
in motor and sensory cortices
27
Describe the brains mirror-like system
we have similar brain activity as experienced emotion when we imagine emotion or see someone else with that emotion
28
Outside of fear describe the amygdala's role in emotion
Has a general role Has a role in evaluating emotional significance of situations
29
Are brain areas that are activated by emotion dedicated only to those emotions? How does emotional brain activity differ between people?
No, that can also be activated by other psychological processes The same emotional stimuli can activate different areas in different people
30
Who discovered the pleasure circuitry of brain
Olds and Milner
31
Name a pleasure system
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine system
32
Pathways of Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System Which one is involved in reward
1. Nigrostriatal pathway 1. Substantia nigra to 2. Dorsal striatum 2. Mesocorticolimbic pathway 1. Ventral tegmental area to 2. Cortical and limbic sites 3. Involved in reward
33
Describe the ANS profiles for each emotion
There isn't a seperate one for each emotion...many overlapping processes
34
Describe 2 polygraph question techniques Success rate?
Control question technique: compare the physio response of a target question to a control question Guilty knowledge: ask a question only culprit would know 80%
35
Meanings of facial expressions appear to be:
universal
36
What are the 6 primary emotions proposed by Paul Eckman Explain other emotions
1. Surprise 2. Anger 3. Disgust 4. Fear 5. Sadness 6. Happiness All other emotions are a mixture of these
37
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions influence our emotional experience ex: smiling makes you happier - facial muscles may feedback and influence emotional experience
38
microexpressions
brief facial expressions that reveal true feelings often break through false ones
39
fake vs. real smiles
different facial muscles involved
40
fear
an emotional reaction to threat
41
what is the purpose of defensive behaviors and what are they motivated by
to protect from threat or harm motivated by fear
42
primary function of aggression
to threaten or harm
43
8 types of aggression
predatory competitive defensive territorial maternal protective female social sex-related instrumental
44
predatory aggression
hungry animal stalks and kills prey
45
competitive aggression
males of a species threaten each other for dominance
46
defensive aggression
inescapable threat: respond with fear-motivated threat or attack
47
territorial aggression
response to intruder into living area
48
maternal protective aggression
female protects young
49
sex-related aggression
male attacks female who rebuffs his sexual advances
50
instrumental aggression
repeats a threat or attack behavior which worked in a similar situation before
51
female social aggression
female attacks strange female or juvenile animal
52
Hess electrode studies
stimulated area of hypothalamus that led to aggressive response in cats
53
Delgado electrode studies
implanted electrode in bull's hypothalamus stimulation stopped aggression and the bull stopped in its tracks
54
What two brain areas have studies found to be very involved in aggression
amygdala and hypothalamus
55
relationship of testosterone and aggression in nonprimates
strong relationship
56
how does testosterone affect aggression in human males
social aggression does not increase with higher testosterone at puberty not eliminated by castration not increased by testosterone injection
57
what relationship *has *been found between testosterone and aggression in human males
violent male criminals and aggressive athletes have shown slightly elevated levels aggressive encounters may increase testosterone rather than the other way around (correlation does not mean causation)
58
stress
reaction to harm or threat
59
stressors
stimuli that cause stress
60
chronic psychological stress is most clearly linked with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ill health
61
62
short term vs. long term stress
short: adaptive long: maladaptive
63
where is the adrenal gland located 2 parts
on top of kidney adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
64
adrenal cortex what hormones are associated
outer part of gland glucocorticoids
65
adrenal medulla
inner part of gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (hormones in this case)
66
Hans Selye
stress is body's response to any demand whether its physical or psychological not necessarily good or bad general adaptation syndrome
67
FOR THIS CLASS ONLY: coritchosteroids =
glucocorticoids
68
3 steps of General adaptation syndrom
1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion
69
General adaptation system: Alarm 4 things that happen
Somatic nervous system arousal causes the release of NE and E from adrenal medulla Hypothalamus is stimulated and releases corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) That causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary That causes the release of chorticosteroids (cortisol) from the adrenal cortex
70
General Adaptation Syndrome: Resistance
body mobilizes to put stressors to an end with antibodies fight/flight
71
General Adaptation Syndrome: Exhaustion
Stress is not relieved If physical stress: may die If psychological stress: may get mental illness and or physical disease
72
General adaptation syndrome in short What happens when a second stressor comes in during its "arc"
mobilization of bodily resources Exhaustion occurs much faster
73
What may occur as a result of stress (biologically)
a disruption of biological equillibrium
74
Robert Sapolsky What did he study and what did he conclude Rats?
Observed baboons in Serengeti; studied their social behaviors and body chemicals Stress may be caused by lifestyle and people with chronic stress may be at greater risk for disease Choritcosteroids like cortisol can kill brain cells in rats
75
What may cause a lower resistance to disease (from stress) Sapolsky rat evidence
Poor coping mechanisms Rats who could not predict or control the shocks had more ulcers
76
Martin Seligman What did he study What was experiment What were the results
Learned helplessness * Shocks to two groups of dogs * Control: able to learn how to escape * Experimental: first given inescapable shocks, then opportunity to learn how to escape * Results: second group could not learn and did not even try
77
One example of learned helplessness in humans
Stockholm syndrome
78
What is Stockholm Syndrome Where does name come from
Behavior of kidnap victims who over time become sympathetic to captor 1973 hostage in Stockholm - after 6 days in the bank several captives resisted rescue and refused to testify
79
What conditions does learned helplessness usually occur in?
severe emotional and often physical duress
80
What populations is learned helplessness often found in
Survivors of interpersonal abuse battered spouses, abused children, POWs, concentration camp survivors
81
psychoneuroimmunology
study of the interaction of psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system
82
How can the type of stress affect the immune system differently
acute stressors improve immune functions chronic stressors impair immune function

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