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Mind, Brain and Behavior > Test 1: Neurons > Flashcards

Test 1: Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron: cell membrane

A

boundary between cell and external environment

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2
Q

Neuron: mitochondrion - what does it do

A

gives energy to the cell by converting sugar and oxygen into energy-providing molecules

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3
Q

Neuron: microtubules

A

“skeleton” of cell

avenues of transport that substances can travel on from soma to axon/dendrites or vice versa

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4
Q

Neuron: rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes which produce neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Neuron: smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

packages neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles

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6
Q

Neuron: nucleus

A

contains genetic info of the cell

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7
Q

Neuron: axon

A

main protruding element

sends info to other neurons

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8
Q

two types of axons

A

collateral axons: branch wildly

recurrent collaterals: loop back to near original cell

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9
Q

Neuron: dendrites

A

protrude from the cell body; receive info from other neurons

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10
Q

soma

A

cell body

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11
Q

What do axons lack and how do they make up for it?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

rely on soma for proteins needed to function

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12
Q

Neuron: synaptic vesicles

A

synthesize, store, and release neurotransmitters

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13
Q

What two ways can a neuronal circuit be linked?

A

convergently: many come together to affect one cell
divergently: single cell affects many neurons

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14
Q

Synapses

A

neuronal linking sites

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15
Q

synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitters carry messages across synaptic gap

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16
Q

polarization

A

difference of electrical charge on two sides of membrane

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17
Q

Ions outside of membrane

A

Na+ sodium

Cl- chloride

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18
Q

Ions inside of membrane

A

A- anions (large negative protein ions)

K+ potassium

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19
Q

Positive charge on outside of membrane due primarily to _____; negative charge inside due to _______

A

Na+

A-

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20
Q

What does it mean to say a neuron is negatively polarized?

What causes this negative polarization?

A

its inside has a negative electrical potential as compared to the outside of the plasma membrane (at resting potential)

Caused by the difference in concentration of negatively charged proteins inside the cell

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21
Q

Describe the semi-permeability of the plasma membrane

A

Although positively charged ions outside of neuron are attracted to the negative ions in the cell, they can’t get in

Membrane has channels designated for potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (CL), and calcium ions

These only open when they are signaled to

22
Q

Ion pumps

A

embedded in the plasma membrane

maintain the negative polarization

pump Na out and bring K in to maintain its negative potential

23
Q

3 steps of an action potential

A
  1. Neuron becomes slightly positive from receiving certain chemicals at the synapse
  2. This slight change in potential opens sodium and calcium gates which causes those ions to rush in
  3. The inside of the axon becomes briefly positively charged, which causes the next set of channels to open, and so on and so on
24
Q

Polarizations of an action potential

A
  1. Depolarization - Na+ begins to rushes becomes more (+) on the inside
  2. Reverse polarization - because of the increase in sodium with the K+, inside is (+) and outside is (-)
  3. Repolarization - fixes itself back to resting potential via ion pumps; (-) inside and (+) outside
25
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via synaptic neurotransmitters that flow across synapses

presynaptic neurons send

postsynaptic neurons receive

26
Q

How are excess neurotransmitters removed in communication process?

A

enzymatic degredation (also called reuptake)

27
Q

Describe enzymatic degredation

A

An enzyme affects a neurotransmitter leaving an inactive produce

28
Q

autoreceptors

where are they and what do they do

A

on presynaptic neuron

monitor and help regulate the amount of neurotransmitter there is in the synapse

29
Q

Types of synaptic messages

A
  1. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
  2. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
30
Q

What causes a postsynaptic neuron to fire?

A

It reaches a neural threshold potential which is determined by the amount of neurotransmitter that is released

31
Q

What two ways can impulses build up?

A
  1. Across time (one neuron firing many times)
  2. Across space (many axons firing at once)
32
Q

What occurs at an excitatory synapse?

A

Na+ rushes in

Depolarization in the membrane - makes it more positively charged

33
Q

What occurs at an inhibitory synapse?

A

Channels open

Cl- flows into membrane - makes potential more negative

Hyperpolarization (-90 mv)

34
Q

Most “common” type of neurotransmitter

A

amino acid neurotransmitters

35
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitters (amino acids)

A

glutamate

aspartate

36
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitters (amino acids)

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

glycine

37
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

first neurotransmitter identified (by Otto Loewi)

causes muscles to contract

38
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Catecholamines

Indoleamines

39
Q

3 Catecholamines

A

Dopamine (DA)

Norepinephrine (NE)

Epinephrine (E)

40
Q

Type of Indoleamine

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

41
Q

What are peptide neurotransmitters

Frequency

Example

A

chains of amino acids link together and form peptides

lower presentation than amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters

Ex: opiod peptides

42
Q

1 opiod peptide

A

endorphins

43
Q

Endorphins

What is it referred as and why?

What are its effects similar to?

What are its effects?

A

opiod peptide

called endogenous morphine (“from within”)

uses same receptors as morphine

similar effects to opiate derivative drugs

analgesia & euphoria (pain killing and mood elevating)

44
Q

Two major receptor types for a given neurotransmitter

A
  1. Ionotropic receptors
  2. Metabotropic receptors
45
Q

Ionotropic receptors

How does it work?

Identify two outcomes

A

Neurotransmitter binds to an associated ion channel that either opens or closes, causing a postsynaptic potential (PSP)

If Na+ channels are opened - EPSP occurs

If Cl- channels are opened - IPSP occurs

46
Q

Metabotropic receptors

Where are they located?

What is it associated with and where is it found?

What happens?

A

Attached to a portion of a signal protein outside of the neuron

A G-protein is attached to a part of the signal protein inside of the neuron

A subunit of the g-protein breaks off into the neuron: either binding to an ion channel or stimulating the synthesis of a 2nd messenger

47
Q

2 types of glial cells

A

glial - in central nervous system (CNS)

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

48
Q

Astrocyte

A

glial - in CNS

Cleans up excess neurotransmitter

provides support and nutrients

49
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Glial - in CNS

provides myelin (cellular insulation) which increases the speed of impulse

50
Q

Schwann cells

A

in peripheral nervous system (PNS)

provides cellular insulation (myelin) that increases the speed of impulse

aids in regeneration of nerve fibers

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