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Final: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

psychiatric disorder

A

disorders of psychological function that require treatment by a mental health professional

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2
Q

Along with neuropsychological disorders, what are psych disorders a product of

A

a dysfunctional brain

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3
Q

Historically what was believed about neuropsych vs. psychiatric disorders

A

brian problems vs. mind problems

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4
Q

What tends to influence psych disorders

A

experiential factors like stress

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5
Q

What kinds of brain pathology are psych disorders in general a product of

A

more subtle forms

may have yet to identify the underlying dysfunctions

effective treatments suggest they exist

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6
Q

What does the word schizophrenia mean and what does it refer to

A

splitting of psychic functions

the breakdown of integration of emotion, thought and action

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7
Q

prevalence of schizophrenia

A

1% of population

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8
Q

what does schizophrenia possibly account for (in prevalence)

A

more than 50% of psych hospital admissions

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9
Q

When does schizophrenia usually first appear

A

early adulthood (20-30)

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10
Q

5 symptoms of schizophrenia

A

disorders of perception

hallucinations

disordered thoughts

delusions

disorders of emotion

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11
Q

example of disorder of perception

schizophrenia

A

hearing voices, smelling poison

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12
Q

hallucinations

schizophrenia

A

reported sensory experiences where no such sensory input exists

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13
Q

disorders of though

schizophrenia

A

thoughts loosely associated with each other

free flowing

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14
Q

delusions

schizophrenia

A

distructed thought patterns like persecution or grandeur

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15
Q

disorders of emotion (examples)

schizophrenia

A

inappropriate laughing or crying with rapid shifts

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16
Q

5 examples of odd behavior associated with schizophrenia

A

catatonia

lack of personal hygiene

talking in rhyme

echolalia

no social interaction

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17
Q

3 examples of incoherent thoughts

schizophrenia

A

illogical thinking

odd associations among ideas

belief in supernatural forces

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18
Q

inappropriate affect

A

failure to react with an appropriate level of emotionality to positive and negative events

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19
Q

what symptoms need to be present for schizophrenia diagnosis and for how long

A

2 symptoms

1 month

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20
Q

genetic basis for schizophrenia

A

some people may inherit an increased risk for it

it may or may not be activated by experience

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21
Q

Causes of schizophrenia

A
  • several chromosomes implicated
  • early issues like infections, autoimmune reactions, toxins, traumatic injury, and stress
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22
Q

Basic types of schizophrenia

A

type 1 - positive symptoms

type 2 - negative

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23
Q

type 1 schizophrenia

A

bizarre additions to behavior - hallucinations, thought disorders, delusions

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24
Q

type 2 schizophrenia

A

behavioral deficiencies

lack of affect, inanimate postures, loss of spontaneous speech, general lack of motivation

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25
what do some psychiatrists disagree on about the types of schizophrenia
some patients show both types of symptoms
26
brain disturbances - positive symptoms
little/no brain abnormalities
27
brain abnormalities with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- loss of brain size - cerebellum shrinkage - enlargement of cerebral ventricles
28
what happens to neurons in some schizophrenics and where
hippocampul neurons abnormal shape, position, frequency
29
another name for antipsychotic drugs
neuroleptics
30
what has taught us a lot about schizophrenia
the drugs that are able to treat it
31
2 drugs used to treat schizophrenia
chlorpromazome reserpine
32
chlorpromazome
calms agitated schizophrenics activates emotionally blunted ones
33
reserpine for schizophrenia
effective but causes dangerous drop in BP so it is no longer used
34
effectiveness of both chlorpromazome and reserpine for schizophrenia what do they indicate
not effective for 2-3 weeks and cause parkinson like motor effects suggest a role from DA
35
how are antipsychotic drugs effective for schizophrenics
they decrease dopamine levels
36
what about the drugs makes scientists believe that schizophrenia is a result of DA overactivity
reserpine - depletes DA and other monoamines by making vesicles leaky chloropromazim - antagonizes DA activity by binding and blocking DA receptors
37
the higher affinity a drug has for DA receptors....
the more effective it is at treating schizophrenia
38
what makes haloperidol different
most antipsychotics bind to D1 and D2 receptors this binds to D2 receptors
39
what is correlated with the effectiveness of neuroleptics
the degree to which they bind to D2 receptors
40
2 limitations to the D2 theory of schizophrenia
-dozapine neuroleptics act quickly at the synapse but dont alleviate symptoms for weeks - some slow change must occur
41
dozapin
atypical and effective neuroleptic drug acts at D1, D4 and 5-HT receptors but also some binding to D2
42
schizophrenia studies with psychadelic drugs
LSD - positive symptoms ketamine (a dissociate anethetic) - negative symptoms
43
characteristics of mania
overconfidence, incessant talkativeness, impulsivity, distractibility and high energy
44
types of depression
unipolar - depression only bipolar - depression with manic periods
45
how is depression divided into 2 categories
reactive - triggered by negative effect endogenous - no apparent cause
46
prevalence of affective disorders
about 6% unipolar at some point 1% bipolar
47
concordance rates for twins with affective disorders
60% for identical 15% for fraternal more for bipolar than unipolar
48
what is the evidence for stress and affective disorders
more likely to cause PTSD than depression
49
likely cause of SAD where is it most common what helps
decreased sunlight in northern and southern latitudes light therapy
50
4 types of antidepressant drugs
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors - tricyclic - selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors
51
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- prevent breakdown of monoamines - avoid foods high in tyramine "cheese effect"
52
tricyclic antidepressants
block reuptake of 5-HT and NE safer than MAOIs
53
3 types of selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors
SSRIs SNRIs Drugs that block the reuptake of more than one monoamine neurotransmitter (like Wellbutrin)
54
SSRIs
no more effective than tricyclics - few side effects - effective at treating other conditions
55
mood stabilizer
lithium
56
Lithium what is it used to treat how do therapeutic levels of it affect normal individuals
mania and bipolar disorder nearly nothing happens
57
Lithium: how does it treat
highly specific in relieving symptoms without over sedating
58
2 theories of depression
monoamine theory diathesis-stress model
59
monoamine theory of depression
- underactivity of 5HT and NE synapses - consistent with drug effects
60
Diathesis-Stress Model of Depression
Diathesis - inherited genetic susceptibility + stress leads to depression depressed people tend to release more stress hormones
61
3 areas of brain damage seen with unipolar depression
amygdala prefrontal cortex terminal structures of mesotelencephalic DA system
62
what are the damaged amygdala and prefrontal cortex (amygdala) associated with
perception and experience of emotion
63
what is the damage seen in the mesotelencephalic DA system consistent with for depressives
anhedonia that is experienced
64
Brain pathology and bipolar affective disorder
shrinkage reported in amygdala, cingulate cortex, Prefrontal cortex most consistent findings with amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex
65
what area shows effectiveness with chronic electrical stimulation
near anterior cingulate gyrus
66
5 physical symptoms of anxiety
- tachycardia (rapid hb) - hypertension - sleep disturbances - nausea - high glucocorticoid levels
67
most prevalent psychiatric disorder
anxiety
68
5 classifications of anxiety disorders
GAD phobic panic OCD PTSD
69
GADs
stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety without any causal stimuli
70
Phobic anxiety disorders
like GADs but triggered by stimulus agoraphobia
71
Panic disorders
rapid onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress can occur without disorders, but also occur as seperate disorders
72
OCDs
obsessive ideas alleviated by compulsive (repeated) actions
73
PTSD
persistant pattern of psych distress after exposure to extreme stress
74
pharm treatment for anxiety
Benzodiazepines Serotonin agonists
75
What are benzos also used to treat
hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants
76
how do benzos work
GABAa agonists bind to receptors and facilitate effects of GABA highly addictive
77
2 types of serotonin agonists
buspirone SSRIs
78
Buspirone
selective agonistic effect at 5-HT 1a receptors reduces anxiety without sedation and other side effects of benzos
79
neural bases for anxiety DOs
- drugs suggest role for 5-HT and GABA - amygdala thought to be involved (fear and defensive behavior)
80
what evidence has been found about the amygdalae and anxiety disorders
over-activity in patients with phobias viewing feared objects
81
Tourette's syndrome what is it when does it stary cause?
tics, involuntary movements and or vocalizations childhood major genetic component
82
what other disorders might also people with tourettes have
signs of ADHD and OCD
83
what is an issue with finding a cause for tourettes
- no animal models - no genes ID'd - imaging difficult
84
how is tourettes treated
with neuroleptics - total effectiveness not well-established deep-brain stimultion
85
where is abnormality thought to occur for tourettes and why
basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex feedback circuit positive results of D2 blockers

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