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Mind, Brain and Behavior > Final: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders > Flashcards

Final: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

psychiatric disorder

A

disorders of psychological function that require treatment by a mental health professional

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2
Q

Along with neuropsychological disorders, what are psych disorders a product of

A

a dysfunctional brain

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3
Q

Historically what was believed about neuropsych vs. psychiatric disorders

A

brian problems vs. mind problems

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4
Q

What tends to influence psych disorders

A

experiential factors like stress

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5
Q

What kinds of brain pathology are psych disorders in general a product of

A

more subtle forms

may have yet to identify the underlying dysfunctions

effective treatments suggest they exist

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6
Q

What does the word schizophrenia mean and what does it refer to

A

splitting of psychic functions

the breakdown of integration of emotion, thought and action

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7
Q

prevalence of schizophrenia

A

1% of population

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8
Q

what does schizophrenia possibly account for (in prevalence)

A

more than 50% of psych hospital admissions

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9
Q

When does schizophrenia usually first appear

A

early adulthood (20-30)

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10
Q

5 symptoms of schizophrenia

A

disorders of perception

hallucinations

disordered thoughts

delusions

disorders of emotion

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11
Q

example of disorder of perception

schizophrenia

A

hearing voices, smelling poison

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12
Q

hallucinations

schizophrenia

A

reported sensory experiences where no such sensory input exists

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13
Q

disorders of though

schizophrenia

A

thoughts loosely associated with each other

free flowing

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14
Q

delusions

schizophrenia

A

distructed thought patterns like persecution or grandeur

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15
Q

disorders of emotion (examples)

schizophrenia

A

inappropriate laughing or crying with rapid shifts

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16
Q

5 examples of odd behavior associated with schizophrenia

A

catatonia

lack of personal hygiene

talking in rhyme

echolalia

no social interaction

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17
Q

3 examples of incoherent thoughts

schizophrenia

A

illogical thinking

odd associations among ideas

belief in supernatural forces

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18
Q

inappropriate affect

A

failure to react with an appropriate level of emotionality to positive and negative events

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19
Q

what symptoms need to be present for schizophrenia diagnosis and for how long

A

2 symptoms

1 month

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20
Q

genetic basis for schizophrenia

A

some people may inherit an increased risk for it

it may or may not be activated by experience

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21
Q

Causes of schizophrenia

A
  • several chromosomes implicated
  • early issues like infections, autoimmune reactions, toxins, traumatic injury, and stress
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22
Q

Basic types of schizophrenia

A

type 1 - positive symptoms

type 2 - negative

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23
Q

type 1 schizophrenia

A

bizarre additions to behavior - hallucinations, thought disorders, delusions

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24
Q

type 2 schizophrenia

A

behavioral deficiencies

lack of affect, inanimate postures, loss of spontaneous speech, general lack of motivation

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25
Q

what do some psychiatrists disagree on about the types of schizophrenia

A

some patients show both types of symptoms

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26
Q

brain disturbances - positive symptoms

A

little/no brain abnormalities

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27
Q

brain abnormalities with negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • loss of brain size
  • cerebellum shrinkage
  • enlargement of cerebral ventricles
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28
Q

what happens to neurons in some schizophrenics and where

A

hippocampul neurons

abnormal shape, position, frequency

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29
Q

another name for antipsychotic drugs

A

neuroleptics

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30
Q

what has taught us a lot about schizophrenia

A

the drugs that are able to treat it

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31
Q

2 drugs used to treat schizophrenia

A

chlorpromazome

reserpine

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32
Q

chlorpromazome

A

calms agitated schizophrenics

activates emotionally blunted ones

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33
Q

reserpine for schizophrenia

A

effective but causes dangerous drop in BP so it is no longer used

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34
Q

effectiveness of both chlorpromazome and reserpine for schizophrenia

what do they indicate

A

not effective for 2-3 weeks and cause parkinson like motor effects

suggest a role from DA

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35
Q

how are antipsychotic drugs effective for schizophrenics

A

they decrease dopamine levels

36
Q

what about the drugs makes scientists believe that schizophrenia is a result of DA overactivity

A

reserpine - depletes DA and other monoamines by making vesicles leaky

chloropromazim - antagonizes DA activity by binding and blocking DA receptors

37
Q

the higher affinity a drug has for DA receptors….

A

the more effective it is at treating schizophrenia

38
Q

what makes haloperidol different

A

most antipsychotics bind to D1 and D2 receptors

this binds to D2 receptors

39
Q

what is correlated with the effectiveness of neuroleptics

A

the degree to which they bind to D2 receptors

40
Q

2 limitations to the D2 theory of schizophrenia

A

-dozapine

neuroleptics act quickly at the synapse but dont alleviate symptoms for weeks - some slow change must occur

41
Q

dozapin

A

atypical and effective neuroleptic drug

acts at D1, D4 and 5-HT receptors but also some binding to D2

42
Q

schizophrenia studies with psychadelic drugs

A

LSD - positive symptoms

ketamine (a dissociate anethetic) - negative symptoms

43
Q

characteristics of mania

A

overconfidence, incessant talkativeness, impulsivity, distractibility and high energy

44
Q

types of depression

A

unipolar - depression only

bipolar - depression with manic periods

45
Q

how is depression divided into 2 categories

A

reactive - triggered by negative effect

endogenous - no apparent cause

46
Q

prevalence of affective disorders

A

about 6% unipolar at some point

1% bipolar

47
Q

concordance rates for twins with affective disorders

A

60% for identical

15% for fraternal

more for bipolar than unipolar

48
Q

what is the evidence for stress and affective disorders

A

more likely to cause PTSD than depression

49
Q

likely cause of SAD

where is it most common

what helps

A

decreased sunlight

in northern and southern latitudes

light therapy

50
Q

4 types of antidepressant drugs

A
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • tricyclic
  • selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors
51
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A
  • prevent breakdown of monoamines
  • avoid foods high in tyramine “cheese effect”
52
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

block reuptake of 5-HT and NE

safer than MAOIs

53
Q

3 types of selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors

A

SSRIs

SNRIs

Drugs that block the reuptake of more than one monoamine neurotransmitter (like Wellbutrin)

54
Q

SSRIs

A

no more effective than tricyclics

  • few side effects
  • effective at treating other conditions
55
Q

mood stabilizer

A

lithium

56
Q

Lithium

what is it used to treat

how do therapeutic levels of it affect normal individuals

A

mania and bipolar disorder

nearly nothing happens

57
Q

Lithium: how does it treat

A

highly specific in relieving symptoms without over sedating

58
Q

2 theories of depression

A

monoamine theory

diathesis-stress model

59
Q

monoamine theory of depression

A
  • underactivity of 5HT and NE synapses
  • consistent with drug effects
60
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model of Depression

A

Diathesis - inherited genetic susceptibility

+ stress leads to depression

depressed people tend to release more stress hormones

61
Q

3 areas of brain damage seen with unipolar depression

A

amygdala

prefrontal cortex

terminal structures of mesotelencephalic DA system

62
Q

what are the damaged amygdala and prefrontal cortex (amygdala) associated with

A

perception and experience of emotion

63
Q

what is the damage seen in the mesotelencephalic DA system consistent with for depressives

A

anhedonia that is experienced

64
Q

Brain pathology and bipolar affective disorder

A

shrinkage reported in amygdala, cingulate cortex, Prefrontal cortex

most consistent findings with amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex

65
Q

what area shows effectiveness with chronic electrical stimulation

A

near anterior cingulate gyrus

66
Q

5 physical symptoms of anxiety

A
  • tachycardia (rapid hb)
  • hypertension
  • sleep disturbances
  • nausea
  • high glucocorticoid levels
67
Q

most prevalent psychiatric disorder

A

anxiety

68
Q

5 classifications of anxiety disorders

A

GAD

phobic

panic

OCD

PTSD

69
Q

GADs

A

stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety without any causal stimuli

70
Q

Phobic anxiety disorders

A

like GADs but triggered by stimulus

agoraphobia

71
Q

Panic disorders

A

rapid onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress

can occur without disorders, but also occur as seperate disorders

72
Q

OCDs

A

obsessive ideas alleviated by compulsive (repeated) actions

73
Q

PTSD

A

persistant pattern of psych distress after exposure to extreme stress

74
Q

pharm treatment for anxiety

A

Benzodiazepines

Serotonin agonists

75
Q

What are benzos also used to treat

A

hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants

76
Q

how do benzos work

A

GABAa agonists

bind to receptors and facilitate effects of GABA

highly addictive

77
Q

2 types of serotonin agonists

A

buspirone

SSRIs

78
Q

Buspirone

A

selective agonistic effect at 5-HT 1a receptors

reduces anxiety without sedation and other side effects of benzos

79
Q

neural bases for anxiety DOs

A
  • drugs suggest role for 5-HT and GABA
  • amygdala thought to be involved (fear and defensive behavior)
80
Q

what evidence has been found about the amygdalae and anxiety disorders

A

over-activity in patients with phobias viewing feared objects

81
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

what is it

when does it stary

cause?

A

tics, involuntary movements and or vocalizations

childhood

major genetic component

82
Q

what other disorders might also people with tourettes have

A

signs of ADHD and OCD

83
Q

what is an issue with finding a cause for tourettes

A
  • no animal models
  • no genes ID’d
  • imaging difficult
84
Q

how is tourettes treated

A

with neuroleptics - total effectiveness not well-established

deep-brain stimultion

85
Q

where is abnormality thought to occur for tourettes and why

A

basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex feedback circuit

positive results of D2 blockers

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