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Mind, Brain and Behavior > Final: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Final: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Causes of Brain Damage

A
  • Tumors
  • Cerebrovascular disorders
  • Closed-head injuries
  • Brain infections
  • Neurotoxins
  • Genetic factors
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2
Q

Another name for tumor

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

Tumor (neoplasm)

A

Mass of cells that grow independently of the rest of the body

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4
Q

meningiomas

A

brain tumors encased in meningies which are their own membranes

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5
Q

What percent of brain tumors are meningiomas

A

20%

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6
Q

How do meningiomas influence brain function?

A

The pressure they exert can influence surrounding tissue

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7
Q

Outlook for a meningioma tumor

A

they are usually benign and surgically removable

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8
Q

What is the nature of most occuring tumors?

Outlook?

A

Malignant

Hard to remove - they grow diffusely throughout the surrounding tissue

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9
Q

metastic tumors

A

brain tumors that originate elsewhere in the body

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10
Q

What percent of brain tumors are metastic?

A

10%

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11
Q

2 Types of cerebrovascular disorders

A

Strokes

Arteriosclerosis

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12
Q

stroke

A

sudden onset cerebrovascular disorder that causes brain damage

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13
Q

How prevalent are strokes in the U.S?

A

3rd leading cause of death

leading most common cause of adult disability

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14
Q

4 Common consequences of stroke

A

amnesia

aphasia

paralysis

coma

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15
Q

2 Main Types of Strokes

A

Caused by cerebral hemmorrhage

Caused by cerebral ischemia

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16
Q

cerebral hemmorage

A

bleeding in the brain

blood vessel bursts and seeps into surrunding neural tissue and damages it

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17
Q

aneurysm

A

pathological balloon-like dilation

forms in the wall of a blood vessel where elasticity of the vessel wall is defective

can be congenital or due to poison/infection

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18
Q

What can cause a cerebral haemorrhage

A

aneurysm rupture

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19
Q

cerebral ischemia

A

disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain

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20
Q

two types of cerebral ischemia

A

thrombosis

embolism

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21
Q

thrombosis

A

cerebral ischemia

plug forms and blocks blood flow at the site of formation

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22
Q

embolism

A

cerebral ischemia

plug forms somewhere in the body and is carried by the blood to a smaller vessel where it gets lodged

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23
Q

How long does it take for cerebral ischemia to cause damage

A

about 1-2 days

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24
Q

What is cerebral ischemia mostly caused by?

A

excess neurotransmitter being released

especially glutamate

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25
Q

How does excess glutamate cause damage

A

It over reacts its receptors, especially NMDA receptors

causes influx of Na+ and Ca++

influx releases even more glutamate and several internal reactions ultimately kill the neuron

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26
Q

How does ischemia damage go through the brain

A

Does not occur in equal parts of the brain

neurons in certain areas of hippocampus especially susceptible to damage

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27
Q

How do the mechanisms of ischemia damage differ in the brain?

A

Different structures have different mechanisms

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28
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

walls of blood vessels thicken

usually due to fat deposits

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29
Q

closed-head injuries

A

brain injuries caused by blows that do not penetrate the skull

brain collides with skull

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30
Q

contrecoup injuries

A

contusions often on side of brain opposite to the blow

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31
Q

3 types of closed head injuries

A

contusions

hematoma

concussion

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32
Q

contusion

A

involve damage to cerebral circulatory system

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33
Q

hematoma

A

localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue

bruise forms

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34
Q

concussion

A

disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head with no evidence of a structural damage

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35
Q

punch-drunk syndrome

A

while no apparent brain damage comes with a single concussion

dementia and cerebral scarring found in boxers and others who have had repeated concussions

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36
Q

Describe the dementia caused by punch-drunk syndrome

A

general intellectual deterioration

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37
Q

What does the amnesia experienced after a concussion give evidence for?

A

consolidation

can cause retrograde and anterograde amnesia

the period of anterograde amnesia suggests a temporary failure of memory consolidation

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38
Q

Describe the three steps that describe concussion retrograde amnesia

A

Concussions disrupt consolidation and storage of recent memories

Memories are stored in short term by neural activity

Interference with this activity prevents memory consolidation

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39
Q

2 things that can cause retrograde amnesia and affect memory consolidation

A

blows to the head (concussion)

electroconvulsive shock (ECS)

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40
Q

5 symptoms of concussions

A

lethargic

headache

dizziness

nausea

blackouts

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41
Q

second impact syndrome

A

a blow too soon after a concussion

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42
Q

What percent of concussions are caused by head to head contact

A

60%

43
Q

When can activity resume after concussion

A

When you’re symptom free

44
Q

brain infections

A

caused by invasion of brain by microorganisms

45
Q

3 types of brain infections

A

encephalitis

bacterial

viral

46
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain after the invasion of microorganisms

47
Q

what do bacterial infections often lead to?

what can they inflame?

what is meningitis?

A

abcess-pockets of pus

meninges and lead to meningitis

infection in the brain or spinal cord

48
Q

How are bacterial infections treated?

A

With penicilin and other antibiotics

they will eliminate the infection but not any damage

49
Q

one type of bacterial infection

A

syphilis

50
Q

syphilis

A

can lead to syndrome of insanity and dementia

general paresis

passed to the noninfected and enter a dormant stage for many years

51
Q

viral infections

A

may attack only certain tissues

may lie dormant for years

52
Q

two types of viral infections

A

rabies

mumps and herpes

53
Q

rabies

A

has high affinity for the nervous system

54
Q

mumps and herpes

A

usually attack tissues other than the brain

55
Q

How can neurotoxins enter your circulation

A

from GI tract

lungs

via skin

56
Q

toxic psychosis

A

chronic insanity caused by a neurotoxin

57
Q

describe the presumed condition of the Mad Hatter

A

psychosis due to mercury poisoning

mercury was used in felt prep for hats

58
Q

where does the term “crack pot” come from

A

poor people using cracked ceramic tea pots with lead cores

59
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

a motor disorder caused by some antipsychotic drugs

60
Q

Alcohol as a neurotoxin

A

direct neurotoxic effects

indirect effects are caused by thiamine deficiency

61
Q

Endogenous neurotoxins

A

produced by the body (like antibodies)

attack certain parts of the nervous system

62
Q

5 neuropsychological diseases

A

epilepsy

parkinson’s disease

huntington’s

multiple sclerosis

alzheimer’s

63
Q

primary symptom of epilepsy

prevalence

A

seizures generated by own brain dysfunction

around 1% of population

64
Q

types of seizures

A

convulsions (motor seizures)

subtle changes of thought/mood/behavior

65
Q

causes of epilepsy

A

brain damage

genetics

66
Q

how many genes relating to epilepsy are known

A

about 70

67
Q

Epilepsy diagnosis

A

EEG

Seizures with high amplitude spikes

68
Q

aura

A

a peculiar psychological change (smell, hallucinations, feeling)

often precede seizures

suggest epileptic focus

warns of impending seizure

69
Q

two types of epilepsy and what makes them different

A

partial epilepsy (not in whole brain)

generalized epilepsy (whole brain)

70
Q

two types of partial seizures

A

simple

complex

71
Q

simple seizures

A

partial

primarily sensory or motor or both (Jacksonian seizures)

symptoms spread as epileptic discharge spreads through the body

72
Q

complez seizures

A

partial seizure

temporal lobe epilepsy

automatisms

73
Q

automatisms

A

patient performs compulsive and repetitive simple behaviors

ex: doing and undoing a button

74
Q

two types of generalized seizures

A

grand mal

petit mal

75
Q

grand mal seizures

A

loss of consciousness and equillibrium

tonic-clonic convulsions

hypoxia may cause brain damage

76
Q

tonic-clonic convulsions

A

rigidity (tonus) and tremors (clonus)

tongue biting, urinary incontinence, cyanosis (turning blue from lack of oxygen)

77
Q

petit mal seizures

A

no convulsions

disruption of consciousness

stop in behavior, vacant look, fluttering eyelids

78
Q

parkinson’s disease

prevalence

male:female

A

movement disorder of middle and old age

about .5% of pop

2.5xs more prevelant in males than females

79
Q

most common symptom

other symptoms

A

tremors at rest

initiating and stopping movements

dementia not seen

80
Q

causes of parkinson’s (brain)

A

loss of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia and substantia nigra

81
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain nucleus

neurons project via nigrostriatal pathway to dorsal striatum of basal ganglia

82
Q

parkinson’s treatment

A

L-DOPA

initially effective but tolerance leads to ineffectiveness

may get schizophrenic symptoms if given too high of a dose

83
Q

L-DOPA

A

precursor to dopamine

can cross blood-brain barrier

84
Q

causes of parkinson’s

A

viral

environmental

genetic

85
Q

how many gene mutations has parkinsons been linked to

A

around 10

86
Q

Huntington’s

age of onset

when does death occur

treatment

A

late 30s/early 40s

within 15 years

none known

87
Q

symptoms of huntington’s

A

fidgetiness

then jerky movements of entire limbs

dementia

88
Q

cause of huntington’s (brain)

A

neuronal loss in striatum of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

89
Q

cause of huntingtons

A

specific gene mutation

autosomal dominant on chromosome #4

90
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive disease

attacks central nervous system myelin in white matter

leaves areas of hard scar tissue (sclerosis)

91
Q

Multiple sclerosis:

nature and severity of symptoms

remission periods

A

vary in number, size, and position of sclerotic lesions

common

92
Q

symptoms of MS

A

visual disturbances

muscle weakness

numbness

tremor

loss of motor coordination

93
Q

Who do incidences of MS increase for?

A

People who spend childhood in a cool climate

94
Q

What groups is MS rare among

A

Africans and Asians

95
Q

What may be the cause of MS

A

it has a strong genetic inheritence

many genes are involved

96
Q

what type of disorder is MS considered and what does that mean

A

autoimmune disorder

the immune system attacks myelin

97
Q

cure for MS?

A

drugs may slow progression or block some symptoms

no cure

98
Q

most common cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

99
Q

when does the likelihood of developing AD increase

A

with age

100
Q

What is AD characterized by

A

progressive loss of mental ability (especially memory)

substantial neuron loss

101
Q

What brain elements is AD associated with

A

neurofibrillary tangles

amyloid plaques

102
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

AD

threadlike tangles of protein in the neural cytoplasm

103
Q

amyloid plaques

A

AD

clumps of scar tissue made up of degenerating neurons and amyloid protein

104
Q

Although AD is present throughout the brain where is it particularly prevalent

A

medial temporal lobe structures:

  • entorhinal cortex
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus

(all involved in memory)

prefrontal cortex

Mind, Brain and Behavior (10 decks)

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