Test 1: The Nervous System

Question 1

Forebrain - processes

Answer 1

Most recent evolutionarily

Thinking, planning, problem solving

Question 2

Components of the forebrain

Answer 2

Includes Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 3

Components of the nervous system

Answer 3

Central nervous system and

Peripheral nervous system

Question 4

Components of the central nervous system

Answer 4

Brain

Spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system

(description)

Answer 5

Brings info into central nervous system and carries signals out of it

Question 6

Divisions of peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Question 7

Somatic nervous system

Answer 7

cranial and spinal nerves

afferent and efferent features

Question 8

Describe the function of afferent nerves

Describe their pathways

Answer 8

sensory - subserve the senses

take info from a receptor to the brain

Question 9

Describe the function of efferent nerves

Answer 9

motor - subserve motor tasks (such as arm movement)

Question 10

Autonomic nervous system components

Answer 10

Afferent component

Efferent component:
Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 11

Similarities and connections between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 11

SNS and PNS nerves generally have opposing effects (such as one increases heart rate where the other one lowers heart rate)

They each use a two-stage neural path

Question 12

2-stage neural paths in SNS and PNS

Answer 12

1. A neuron exiting the central nervous system
2. Synapses on a 2nd stage neuron that influences a target organ

Question 13

Sympathetic nervous system

• Describe places of exit
• Describe response type
• Describe proximity to target organ

Answer 13

Thoracolumbar places of exit from the central nervous system (the thorax and lumbar of spinal cord)

“Fight or flight” responses

2nd stage neurons are far from target organ

Question 14

Parasympathetic nervous system

• Describe places of exit
• Describe response type
• Describe proximity to target organ
• One example

Answer 14

Craniosacral places of exit from CNS (brain and very bottom of spinal cord)

“Rest and restore” responses

Post-ganglionic fibers are near the target organ

ex: Vagus nerve

Question 15

Telencephalon components

Answer 15

Cerebrum

Limbic lobe

Basal ganglia

Question 16

Cerebral cortex lobes

Answer 16

Gray matter

1. Occipital: vision
2. Temporal: audition, smell, speech, emotion
3. Parietal: sensory - taste, pain, touch, temp
4. Frontal: motor, speech, executive functions

Question 17

Corpus callosum - what is it and what does it do?

Answer 17

white matter

connects two hemispheres

large fiber tract

Question 18

limbic lobe

• what functions is it involved in
• what are its components

Answer 18

part of the limbic system (involved in emotion, memory, and learning)

Contains amygdala, hippocampus, and septum

Question 19

Basal ganglia

-What functions is it involved in?

Answer 19

Involved in motor coordination - does not initiate movements, but smoothes them

Involved with Parkinson’s disease

Question 20

Components of diencephalon

Answer 20

Composed of thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 21

What function does the thalamus serve?

Answer 21

sensory relay station

(except for smell)

Question 22

Hypothalamus

What 3 things is it involved in?

Answer 22

Internal regulation: controls autonomic nervous system

involved in emotion

involved in endocrine system - sits on top of pituitary

Question 23

Midbrain

2 components

Answer 23

smallest division

inferior colliculi (hearing)

superior colliculi (vision)

Question 24

Components of hindbrain

Answer 24

pons

medulla

cerebellum

Question 25

Pons

Answer 25

"bridge" sleep/wake cycle

Question 26

Medulla What is its function and what does it monitor?

Answer 26

"Vital center" of the brain Monitors: heart rhythms, respiration, blood pressure

Question 27

What is the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 27

motor coordination

Question 28

Reticular formation Location and function

Answer 28

overlaps fore-, mid-, and hindbrain involved in alerting and arousing the cortex

Question 29

Ventricular system Describe the set-up

Answer 29

2 lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres connect with a third ventrical in the midline in thalamus and hypothalamus 4th ventricle in hindbrain in the pons and medulla - joins to central canal

Question 30

central canal

Answer 30

runs length of spinal cord joined with the 4th ventricle

Question 31

cerebrospinal fluid How is it used and where is it made?

Answer 31

bathes brain and spinal cord manufactured in the choroid plexus (located in a ventricle)

Question 32

2 routes of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 32

1. lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle - central canal 2. lateral ventricles - down the back surface of spinal cord - up front surface of spinal cord - absorbed into circulatory system

Question 33

2 ways the brain is protected

Answer 33

Physical protection: skull and cerebrospinal fluid Chemical protection: blood-brain barrier

Question 34

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 34

tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls that prevent entry of many molecules

Question 35

5 methods of examining the brain

Answer 35

1. CAT scan 2. PET scan 3. MRI 4. fMRI 5. EEG

Question 36

CAT scan - What does it stand for? - How does it work? - Structural or functional?

Answer 36

computerized axial tomography narrow x-ray beam on one side of the head and a detector measures the # of x-ray photons that emerge on the other side structural

Question 37

PET scan - What does it stand for? - How does it work? - Structural or functional?

Answer 37

positron emission tomography Similar to CAT except the signal comes from the decay of radioisotope that has been injected into the circulatory system Radioisotope links to glucose - can see how much is used in the brain Functional

Question 38

MRI - What does it stand for? - How does it work? - Structural or functional?

Answer 38

magnetic resonance imaging nuclei of atoms in the brain respond to magnetic fields differently, depending on local atomic environment head is exposed to magnetic fields of different strengths, 3d image of head can be obtained structural

Question 39

fMRI - What does it stand for? - How does it work? - Structural or functional?

Answer 39

functional magnetic resonance imaging uses high powered oscillating magnetic fields and computers to measure cerebral blood flow in the brain and thereby measure the neural activity in the brain structure and function

Question 40

EEG - What does it stand for? - How does it work? - Structural or functional?

Answer 40

electroencephalogram places electrons on the surface of the skull, brain waves recorded gross electrical recording - large brain area Functional

Question 41

What makes up the cerebrum?

Answer 41

cerebral cortex lobes and the corpus callosum

Question 42

functions of temporal lobe

Answer 42

audition, smell, speech, emotion

Question 43

functions of parietal lobe

Answer 43

sensory - taste, pain, touch, temp

Question 44

functions of frontal lobe

Answer 44

motor, speech, executive functions