Test 3 Review Flashcards
What are the parts of the vertebral brain from anterior to posterior?
Telencephon Diencephalon Mesencephanlon cerebellum ponds myelencephanlon
The telencephalon contains the ______________ __________.
cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum located in the ____________ contains What?
the telencephalon
contains the limbic system
regions that control all muscles
regions that disseminate sensory information
What is the limbic system?
a complex network of nerves that controls basic emotions and drives ‘self’ and greater concious
What are the parts of the diencephalon and what do they contain?
center-fluid filled ventricle
root-epithalamus which contains pineal gland
side walls-contain thalamus which is a relay station
floor-hypothalamus and dangling from floor is the pituitary gland
The mesencephalon is also called the?
mid-brain
What are the parts of the mesencephalon ?
tectum (roof)
tegmentum (floor):
What does the tegmentum (floor) part of the mesencephalon do?
Contains neuron cell bodies that produce dopamine and relays vision and hearing
If you are a fish what part of the brain is important?
mesencephalon
The cerebellum is also referred to as the?
little cerebrum
The cerebellum controlls?
unconcious control of skeleton, however the cerebrum initially controls this BUT the cerebellum refines it
If damage occurs to your cerebellum what happens?
You would walk with a shuffling gate
Examples of activites that your cerebellum refines would be?
biking, skating, dancing
The example of the part of the brain that birds and fish have increased but frogs have decreased would be the?
cerebellum
The ponds contains a ________ ______. that?
fiber tract that relays info between cerebellum and cerebrum
What is the ralphe nucleus?
produces serotonin
The myelencephalon is also called?
brain stem or medulla oblongata
What is the function of the myelencephalon?
control of autonomic nervous system such as heart or respiratory rate
Serotonin controls?
mood and emotion
it is involved in depression, bipolar and migranes
The serotonin receptor determines?
action of serotonin
a SSRIS is?
a serotonin specific re-uptake inhibitor
What is the action of the brain that SSRIS work against?
Monoamine oxidase breaks down serotonin in pre-synaptic terminal and the SSRIS inhibit this, keeping the serotonin withthin the synaptic cleft
Where is monoamine oxidase located?
in the terminal bouton
What are some examples of SSRIS?
zoloft, paxil, prozac, and luvox
When a neuron is referred to as serotonergic it?
is a neuron that makes serotonin
Where are serotonergic neurons located?
cell bodies in the ralphe nucleus of the ponds within the metencephalon
axons project into cerebral hemispheres of telencephalon
Where is the limbic system found?
the telencephalon
Where is dopamine produced?
mesencephalon
Dopamine is produced from?
AA tyrosine
Nigrostriatal cells are?
cell bodies in mesencephalon
Substantia nigra are?
Black or dark substrates that are black because biproduct of dopamine formation is melanin
The symptoms of parkinson’s are?
shuffling gate, difficulty swallowing at later stages
How do people normally die of parkinson’s?
they die of pnemonia because materal enters the windpipe and eventually gets into the lungs
The term ‘treatment delays onset’ in parkinsons means?
giving pre-cursor to dopamine works for a time but eventually the cells that make dopamine break down
The Mesolimbic system is?
Neurons in the tegmentum of mesencephalon close to substantia nigra
What is the limbic system composed of?
***
masses of grey matter that are deep in forebrain (tel & diencephalon)
Which system offers a reward system for increasing fitness?
the limbic system
Two examples of dopamine transport blockers are?
cocaine and ritalin
What effect do amphetamines have on neurotransmitters?
It forces NT to exit the synaptic vessicles via high concentration gradient and forces all monoamines into synaptic cleft
What is norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS
Where does norepinephrine innervate?
glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
What are the effects of norepinephrine?
makes heart beat faster, inhibiting smooth muscle causing vasodialation, stimulates general behavioral arousal
What is PTSD?
reliving the hyperawareness caused via norepinephrine
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
Ritalin uses what to treat this?
dopamine
Why does ritalin have the potential for abuse?
Because it uses dopamine to treat ADD/ADHD
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
Stratera uses what to treat this?
norepinphrine re-uptake
Why does stratera use norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors to treat ADD?
because it aids in focus and is less likely for abuse
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
What does adderal use to treat this?
mixture of amphetamines. serotonin, dopmaine, and norepinephrine
it increases ALL monoamines in cleft
Excitory AA neurotransmitters?
generate a EPSP
What are two excitatory AA NTs?
What do they do?
Aspartic Acid-Possible ressitance to fatigue
Glutamic Acid: Proton donor to Glutamate (actual Neurotransmitter) which aids in learning and memory
What is retrograde transmission?
post-synaptic cells produces NT that acts on presynaptic cell
What is long-term potientiation?
the longer you use it the better it works
Ionotropic means?
opens an ion channel
Glycine is __________ and is found?
ihibitory and is found in spinal chord
The receptor for glycine is?
ionotropic
The ionotropic glycine receptor does what?
contains Cl- channel which sends Cl- into cell forming IPSP
Where does glycine work?
on somatic motor neurons for muscle contraction
When flexing your biceps, what molecule is responsible and how does it do it?
acetylcholine and it sends an EPSP
-the inhibition of tricepts is from IPSP
When muscles are like jelly and can’t contract it is called?
flaccid paralysis
Cucare paralysis is from ________ _______ and inhibits the _______ receptors.
plant toxin
nictotinic receptors
Spastic paralysis is?
all muscles contract at the same time
Contracation of muscles with no movement results in?
quivering
A bacterial toxin that disrupts snare proteins (fusion complex) of inhibitory neurotransmitters is?
Tetanus
Strychnine does what?
deadly protein that blocks glysine receptors on diaphram which results in the diaphram staying contracted and you die
What does GABA stand for>
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
GABA is ______ and opens a Chloride channel.
ionotropic
Where does GABA work?
In the brain on the purkinje cells in cerebellum
-functions similar to glycine
Substance P?
sensation of pain, causes mood disorders, anxiety, stress, nausea and respiratory rythms
In 1973 it was discovered that?
Receptors in CNS respond to opium
Endorphins, Enkephalins and Dynorphins are all examples of?
endogenous opiods
Angelesia is?
relief of pain and euphoria
How do endogenous opioids work?
Axodxonix synapes with a neuron releasing substance P releasing a IPSP shutting down release of substance P by blocking Ca2+ voltage gated channels in terminal buttons which ceases exocytosis of substance P
Running 6 miles can result in a?
Joggers high
Capsasin high is from?
hot peppers which bind to receptors stimulated by heat or friction
What is neuropeptide y?
Most abundant neuropeptide in brain
Neuropeptide y is responsible for?
stress response, circadian rythm, cardiovascular system control and is a appetite stimulant
Lepin is?
an appetite suppressent
Tetrahydrocanabinol is?
marijuana and gives analgesia and relief of nausea
Endocanabinoids are?
What are they responsible for?
amandamide and z-urachdonyl glycerol
responsible for retrograde neurotransmission
Nitric oxide is made from?
AA L-arginine by nitric oxide substance
What is viagra “turned off by”
phosphodiesterase that breaks down Cyclic GMP
Viagra inhibits?
inhibits PDE
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
fight or flight reactions
the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
rest and digest
Neurons associated with PNS are?
motor/efferent neurons
The somatic portion of the PNS controls?
voluntary skeletal muscle
The autonomic portion of the PNS controls?
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by?
Sensory neurons from viscera
two neuron multipolar system
Pre-ganglionic neurons are from the?
cell body in CNS that send out axon that synpases with postganglionic neuron in PNS
The post ganglionic neurons go from?
axon to effector organ or gland
Where are pre-ganglionic neurons found?
in midbrain and hindbrain->mes, met and myelencephalon or in thoracic lumbar or sacral regions of spinal chord
Where are autonomic ganglion found?
head, neck and abdomen and chains parallel to spinal chord
Disrupting Innervation-
To skeletal muscle results in?
flaccid paralysis and muscles will wither away and eventually are replaced by connective tissue
Disrupting Innervation-
to a viseral effector results in?
no change because they are independent of innervation, contracting on there own without innervation but cutting the innervation may result in denervation hypersensitivity
denervation hypersensitivity means?
more sensitive than normal
Autonomic motor neurons can _____ or _______.
stimulate or inhibit
Somatic motor neurons use ______ and are always ________.
ACH and excitatory
Autonomic effectors are?
cardiac, smooth and glands
Somatic effectors are?
skeletal muscle
Do somatic neurons have ganglia?
no
Do autonomic neurons have ganglia?
yes
How many neurons are in somatic nerves?e?
1
How many neurons are in autonomic nerves?
2
Denervation of somatic nerves results in?
flaccid paralysis
Denervation of autonomic nerves results in?
denervation hypersensitivity
The sympathetic division of the nervouse system orginates?
in spinal chord from 1st thorasic to 2nd lumbar
Where does the thoracolumbar division of the sympathetic nervous system synpase?
in the symp ganglia found in chains running parallel to spinal chord that diverge onto white rami
What does divergence mean?
one preganglionic neuron synapses on multiple postganglionic neurons
What does convergence mean?
Multiple preganglionic neurons synapse on 1 post ganglionic neuron
When the sympathetic division can act as a single unit it is called?
mass activation
The heart and kidneys are maintained by?
the CNS
Sympathetic neurons that are exiting the spinal chord below the diaphram and synapse on the collateral ganglia are?
sympathetic neurons such as celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric
What type of neurons innervate organs of digestive system, urinary and reproductive systems?
post ganglionic neurons
The outer layer of the cortex of adrenal glands secretes what?
steroid hormones
the inner layer (the medulla) of the kidneys secretes?
adrenaline and norepinephrine
The adrenal glands can be stimulates as part of?
mass action
What type of innervation do cutaneous effectors such as the blood vessels of skin, sweat glands and arrector pili muscles receive?
NO parasympathetic stimulation
What are the 4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?
oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
Where do the preganglionic fibers exit on the occulomotor nerve?
pre-gan. exit mesenteric and synapse on ciliary ganglion
What do post ganglionic nerves innervate on the occulomotor nerve?
the ciliary muscle of the eye changing the lens shape
Preganglionic fibers in the Facial nerve exit from where?
the pons and synapse on the pterygo palatine ganglion
Where do preganglionic fibers from the vagus exit from?
the medulla oblongata and branch like crazy within the following effector organs-
heart, liver, lings, esophagus, stomach and intestines
-also largest in sixe and most of the parasypathetic innervation in body
Preganglionic nerves from te saccral region ({division) innervate?
the lowers part of intestine, rectum, urinary and reproductive organs
In fight or flight the where is norepinphrine secreted from?
the postganglionic neuronsalong with epinephrine from adrenal medulla
In fight or flight what occurs to the body?
increased heart rate, blood glucose a blood is diverted to skeletal muscles
Unlike the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system is not?
activated all at once but instead by seperate nerves
General symptoms of parasympathetic nervous system are?
increased digestive activity and decreased heart rate
The viseral organs respond differently to the parasympathetic nervous system because?
Postganglionic neurons release different neurotransmitters
Actetylcholine is used why which divison of the nervous system, para or sympa?
BOTH! it is used by all preganglionic neurons
What sympathetic postganglionic neurons realease ACH?
sweat glands and skeletal muscle
Neurons that secrete things like norepinephrine are referred to as?
adrenegeric
Adrenergic stimulation can be caused by epinephrine or norepeinephrine and are from?
sympathetic neurons or adrenal medulla
Adrenergic stimulation can stimulate or inhibit based on?
receptors
What does adrenergic stimulation stimulate?
heart, dilatory muscles of the iris, smooth muscle of many blood vessels, inhibits contraction of bronchioles and some other blood vessels
What are variscosities?
axons of post ganglionic neurons that have a part in sweeling, release NTs and mostly controlled by parasympathetic ns
Norepinephrine receptters that are adrenergic cause what?
heart beating fast due to EPSP
inhibits activity of smooth mucle in the lungs via IPSPS
ALL of your adrenergic receptors are ________________ and use what type of proteins?
Metabotropic and use G proteins
Beta adrenergic receptors what type of secondary messenger system?
cAMP
Alpha adrenergic receptors use what type of secondary messenger system?
Ca2+
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors do what?
Use an EPSP to contract vascular smooth muscle of skin and viscera which causes vasocontriction and is responsible for pale. quesy, and dry mouth
Where are Alpha 2 adreneric receptors located?
on terminal boutons of sympathetic post ganglionic neurons
What kind of mechanism do the Alpha 2 receptors use?
Negative feedback mechanism that decreases the release of NTs over time and keeps sympathetic division in check
The Beta 1 Adrenergic receptors affect the heart by?
Releasing an EPSP that increases heart rate and contractility
The Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors affect non-vascular smooth mucle of the bronchioles and visera how?
by releasing an IPSP that causes bronchiodialation and inhibits stomach and small intestine
Agonist means?
causes the same effect as NT
Antagonist means?
causes opposite effect as NT
An example of Alpha 1 agonists are phenylephrine and pseudoephridine causing?
contraction of blood vessels and nasal congestion
Alpha 1 antagonists phentolamine causes?
vasodilation and can be used for short term hyper tension control
Parathyroid hormones function does what?
increases blood Ca2+
Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium
causes dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones increasing activity of osteoclasts
Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which?
regulate gene transcription
What is produced when two diodotyrosine molecules couple together?
Tetraiodothyronine and thyroxine
Melatonin is anti-gonadotropic, knowing this when would you expect animals in SC to breed in which season
spring and summer
South Carolina used to be known for having alot of what particular element that is necessary for production of thyroxine in soil contents?
iodine
A 40 year old female patient present with generalized weakness and rapid weight lodd. After completeing an intital blood panel, you notice blood glucose level is low however insulin and glucagon levels are normal. You order additional blood work and notice that ACTH levels are very low. What diagnosis would you give this patient?
Addison’s disease
What are the three functional categories of corticosteroids?
gluccocorticoid
sex steroids
mineralocorticoids
High TSH levels with enemic goiter would show symptoms of?
obvious sweeling, fatigue, depression and unexplainable weight gain
Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation
sympathetic
Post-ganglionic axons which do not secrete either catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete?
nitric oxide
vasoactive intestinal peptide
ATP
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejecting during lacatation?
oxytocin
Circles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called
circadian rythms
Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are?
prehormones
Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of?
corticotropin releasing hormone
Steroid hormone receptors may be found?
in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus
Doctors have slowed prescribing drugs that block the _______ adrenergic receptors as these drugs are known to exacerbate asthma in many patients.
Beta-2
Postganglionic ____ nerves release acetylcholine.
parasympathetic
The vagus nerve innervates?
the lungs, heart, and the stomach
Which of the following is not a secondary messenger system acticated by lipophobic hormones?
a) diacylglycerol
b) phospolipase C
c) tyrosine kinase
d) adenylate cyclase
a)diacylglycerol
From where do parasypathetic reganglionic nerves orginate?
the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
What drug is an alpha 1 agonist that causes vasocontrisction thereby acting as a nasal decongestant
pseudoephrine
The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of?
blood glucose
Thyroid hormone receptors form a ________ on their half sites?
heterodimer
cAMP activates ___________ that activates other enzymes in the cell.
protein kinase
Increasing somatostatin secretion would do what to growth?
inhibit it
Which of the following is not a collateral ganglion?
a) hepatic
b) celiac
c) superior mesenteric
d) inferior mesenteric
hepatic
______ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves
norepinephrine
The collateral ganglia contain?
nicotinic receptors
What is the function of the hormone ACH
stimulates rention of water by the kidneys
The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called?
endocannabinoids
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ____ is called the hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary
Protein kinase catalyzes the ________ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm
phosphorylation
Many growth factos use?
tyrosine kinase as a second messenger
Nitric oxide does?
is produced from L-asparagine
stimulates the dilation of blood vessels
is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase
Autonomic motor nerves innervate?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
What does glucagon do in blood glucose homeostatsis?
raises blood glucose levels, promotes lipolysis, stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
Which of the following organs is dually innervated?
a) adrenal medulla
b) most blood vessels
c) urinary bladder
d) arrector pili muscles
urinary bladder
What drugs are known as a beta blocker because the block beta 1 adrenergic receptors and therefor decrease cardiac output to control high blood pressure?
Propanolol and Dobutamine
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on serveral postganglionic neurons
divergence
In the phospholipase C mechanism, most of the increased intracellular calcium comes from?
the endoplasmic reticulum
which part of the brain helps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?
cerebellum
Viseral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the?
limbic system
The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called?
varicosities
The action of aldosterone secretion is?
stimulates kidneys to retain Na+
causes loos of K+ in urine
an increase of blood volume and pressue
Secondary meseengers generated by the actions of phosplipase C?
may activate calmodulin
True/False:
Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathic stimulation
False
True/False:
Daylight causes stimulation of the pineal gland to release melatonin
False
True/False:
Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathertic activity and tone
False
True/False:
Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
False
True/False:
The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the various target glands control the functions of each other so there is no “master gland”
True
True/False:
Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years’ hyposecretion of growth hormone
True
True/False:
Many autonomic visceral effector organs can function without nervous innervation
true
True/False:
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesis occurs in the neurohyophysisi
false
True/False:
Damage to an autonomic nerve makes effector more sensitive to stimulation
true
True/False:
polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally
False
Alpha 2 agonistic receptors are blocked by what drugs?
Clonidine and Catapres which have negative feeback and control hypertension and lower BP
Alpha 2 antagonistic receptors are blocked by?
Yohimbine and rasies BP, erectile disfuction
Beta 1 agonist receprots are blocked by?
Dobutamine which raises heart rate and contraction strength
Beta 1 antagonistic receptors are blocked by?
Metoprolol and Atenolol which lower heart rate and control hypertension also refered to as betablockers
Propanol blocks both beta one and 2 but can exacerbate asthma
Beta 2 agonsitic receptors are blocked by?
Terbutaline and Albuteral that dialate bronchioles but create constipation
Muscarinis cholinergic agonistic receptors are blocked by?
Metacholine and Pilocardine dialating broncioles and Pilocardine contrcits pupils
Muscarinic cholenergic antagonisitic recepectors are bocked by?
Atropine which causes muscle relaxation
Drug affecting Nicotinic cholinergic agonistic receptors is?
nicotine
Druge affecting Nicotinic cholinergic antagonistic receptors?
D-tubocucarine causing significant muscle relaxation
Cholinergic receptors are always ___________ stimulatory
ALWAYS
Nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia are lonotropic which means they?
create ion channels for Na+ and K+
Muscarinic receptors on viseral organs can be inhibitory or stimulatory and ultimatley open?
a K+, Ca2+, or Na+ channel
Nonadrenergic non chilinergic fibers are?
Neurotransmitter including ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide
What are complementary effects?
both divisions produce a similar effect on target cell
Describe how salivary glands work with nervous system
parasympathetic-secretion of watery salvia
Sympathetic-thickens saliva
What are cooperative effects?
both divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action
An example of cooperative effects are?
erection and ejaculation
para-vasodilation causing erection
sympa-ejaculation
OR urination
para-contracts bladder
symp-maintains muscle tone
Organs with dual innervation involve what division of the nervous system only?
sympa
An example of organs with dual innervation are?
adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles of skin and many blood vessels
Baroreceptors are part of the ________ and are what?
Autonomic NS and are specialized stretch receptors in blood vessels
Chemoreceptors are part of the ________ and are what?
Autonomic nervous system and detect changes in pH and chemical concentration
Sensory input to the brain’s integrating center modify?
the actions of pregang. neurons
The medulla oblongata is responsible for?
cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and reproductive functions
The hypothalamus is?
the main reguatory center for ANS and controls body temp, hunger and thirst
The limbic system is?
Autonomic and responds during emotional stress
The cerebeluum is responsible for?
motion sickness
The telencephalon is responsible for?
emothions and ‘person’
Aging is caused by the?
sympa. nervous system
What are the two types of glands in body?
endocrine-ductless
exocrine-ducts
Hormones act on ______ _____ and these have receptors for the specific hormones.
target cells
What are some examples of organs that secrete hormones?
Heart, liver, kidneys, skin and stomach
Neurohormones are secreted by the?
hypothalamus
Monoamines such as epinephrine and norepinephine are produced by the?
adrenal medulla
Inuslin is made up of?
2 polypeptide chains
Both lutenizing hormone (LH) and follical stimulating hormone are both examples of
glycoproteins
Exmaples of sex steroids are>
Estrogen, testosterone
corticosteroids
coticosteriods are produced in
adrenal cortext
Both steroids and thyroid hormones are?
lipophilic and hydrophobic
What is special about lipophilic and hydrophobic hormones? In regards to medicine
They can be taken orally because they dont break down in digestive track
Polar water soluble hormones cannot be taken?
orally becauses they cannot cross the membrane so they must be injected
What are Pre-hormones?
a molecule released by endocine gland when altered by target cell becomes functioning hormone
An example of a pre-hormone is?
insulin is produced from proinsulin
What are the differences between neurotransmitters and hormones?
- both interact with specific receptors
- mechanisms to turnoff target cell activity
Sex steroids are produced in the?
gonads
Corticosteroids are produced in the?
adrenal cortex
9-cis retinoicacid is produced? and is a member of the?
from vitamin A
thyroid hormone family
Calictrol is produced from? and is a member of?
vitamin D
Thyroid hormone family
The steroid hormone family ___________ in the blood
can’t be dissolved
Nuclear proetins (nuclear hormone receptors) ac tin?
the nucleus
Where do transcription factors bond?
bond to gene promoter and turn transcription on and off
What are the two domains of the Nuclear factors?
ligand binding domain for hormone
DNA binding domain for hormone response (element on DNA)
What are the steps for how a steroid hormone function?
1) SH to carrier protein
2) detach from carrier
3) enter target
4) attach to nuclear receptor protein
5) translocated into nucleus
6) binds to half-site on DNA (hormone response element)
7) Another hormone/nuclear receptor binds to 2nd half site
8) dimerize into homodimer
9) Transcription is turned on of off
Estrogen helps in bone by?
preventing osteoporosis
Thyroid hormone is produced from
tyrosine
What are the steps in the Thyroid hormone mechanism of action
1) Produced from tyrosine
2) 4 iodine atoms 3
- tetraiodothyronine or thyroxonine or triodothyronine
3) thryroxine binding globulin carrier protein
4) Forms heterodimer-first half sight has TR receptor and 2nd half sight has RXR
5) Turns transcription on and off
9-cis retinoic acid is the receptor for what? and what does it do?
Receptor for thyroid hormone and turns transcription on or off
What is the mechanism for Adenylate cyclase (cAMP) which contains monoamines, polypeptides and glycoproteins?
1) Hormone binds receptor
2) G protein moves through membrane
3) G protein turns on Adenylate cyclase
4) Adenylate cyclase uses ATP to become cAMP
5) cAMP inadvertantly acticates protein kinase by binding to regulatory subunit
6) Proein kinase phosphorylates proteins
To turn off protein kinase-
1) protein phosphorylated
2) cAMP destroyed by PDE
3) G proteins shut themselves off
What is the mechanism for Alpha Adrenergic receptors
1) Hormone binds to regulator
2) G -protein foes its thing
3) G-protein actives phospholipase
4) Phospholipase C takes a membrane phospholipid IP# & DAG
5) IP3 binds to Ca2+ ligand channels in ER
6) Ca2+ open and Ca2+ rushes into cell from ER
7) Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
8) Ca2+/calmodulin complex formed
9) Ca2+/calmodulin complex turns on protein kinases which generate ESP and cause vasocontriction of blood vessels on skin viscera
To turn off Alpha Adrengergic Receptors
1) IP3 phosphatase breaks down IP3
2) Ca2+ pump in ER mem stops
3) G-proteins turn themselves off
depolarization is also referred to as a?
EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential)
hyperpolarization is refered to as a ?
IPSP(inhibitory post-synaptic poteintial)
to summate means?
to amplify one another
to integrate means?
to cancel one another
Where does ACH bond?
to skeletal muscle cells
What is a agonists for acetylcholine?
muscarine (mushroom poision)
