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Physiology > Test 3 Review 2nd deck > Flashcards

Test 3 Review 2nd deck Flashcards

1
Q

Name the steps in the Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system

A 
Hormone binds to receptor
Activates G protein
Turns on Adenylate Cyclase 
Converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP turns on Protein kinase 
Protein kinase phosphoralates proteins
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2
Q

Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system is turned off by?

A

Protein phosphorlation because PDE destroys cAMP

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3
Q

Name the steps in Steroid Hormone mechanism

A 
Hormone binds to carrier protein
Detachment from carrier protein into cell
Attaches to nuclear receptor
Translocated into nucleus 
Binds to half site on DNA 
Another hormone bonds to 2nd half site
Dimerization 
Transcription turned on/off
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4
Q

Name the steps in Alpha 1 receptor mech

A

Hormone binds to receptor
Activates g protein
Phospholipase takes IP3 or DAG
IP3 binds Ca2+
Ca2+ channels open flooding cell with Ca2+
Ca2+ binds to calmodium to form complex
Ca2+/calmodium complex turns on protein kinase

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5
Q

Name the steps in Thyroid hormone mech

A

Tyrosine turns in to Thyroxine or Tetraiodothromine
Throxine binds to globular protein
Nuclear receptor with already bound to 1/2 site awaits arrival of Hormone

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6
Q

What is the receptor for Thyriod hormone?

A

9-cis-retonic acid made from vitamin A

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7
Q

Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in ______ even though they are _______ and _______ allowing them to diffuse through membrane

A

Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in blood even though they are lipid and hydrophobic allowing them to diffuse through membrane

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8
Q

The receptors for steroid hormone are?

A

Nuclear receptors therefore acting in nucleus to turn transcription on or off

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9
Q

The thyroid hormone calcitrol is produced by?

A

vitmain A

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10
Q

An example of a post-hormone is?

A

insulin because it is inactive until it is altered within the endocrine gland

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11
Q

A pre-hormone is?

A

molecule released is altered by into hormone at arrival of target cell

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12
Q

Where are corticosteriods produced? what kind of hormone are they?

A

adrenal gland - steroid hormones

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13
Q

The parathyroid hormone does what in the body?

A

Increases blood calcium levels
causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium
Causes disolution of calcium phosphate by bones

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which?

A

regulate gene transcrition

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15
Q

What is produced when two diodotyrosine molecules couple together?

A

tetraiodothryonine and thyroxine

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16
Q

What element is necessary for production of thyroxine

A

iodine

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17
Q

What are the three functional cateogories of corticosteroids?

A

glucorcorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex steroids

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18
Q

What autonomic division is dominate in emergency situations?

A

sympathetic

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19
Q

Postganglionic axons which do not secrete catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete?

A

Nitric oxide
VIP
ATP

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20
Q

What hormones stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation?

A

oxytocin

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21
Q

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until the are changed by their target cells are?

A

pre-hormones

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22
Q

Steroid hormones may be found in?

A

both cytoplasm and nucleus

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23
Q

What drug blocks the ____ adrenergic receptors because they exacerbate asthma?

A

Beta 2 primarily

but propanol blocks both beta one and two

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24
Q

Postganglionic _______ nerves release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic

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25
Q

The vagus nerve innervated?

A

lungs
heart
stomach

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26
Q

What are the secondary messengers activated by lipophobic hormones?

A

tyrosine kinase
phospholipase
adenylate cyclase

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27
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate?

A

brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord

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28
Q

What drug is an ahlpa one agonist that causes vasoconstriction by acting as nasal decongestant?

A

Psuedophedrine

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29
Q

The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of

A

blood glucose

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30
Q

Throyoid hormone receptors form __ on their half sites

A

heterodimers

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31
Q

cAMP activates _________ that activates other enxymes in the cell

A

protein kinase

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32
Q

What are the collateral ganglion?

A

Superior mesenteric, celiac and inferior messenteric

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33
Q

The collateral ganglion contain?

A

nicotinic receptors

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34
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

stimulates water retention in kidneys

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35
Q

The brain produces lipid NTs called ________

A

enkephalins

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36
Q

The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ________ is called the hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

anterior pituitary

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37
Q

Protein kinase catalyzes the ____ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm.

A

Phosphorylation

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38
Q

Many growth factors use __________ as a second messenger

A

tyrosine kinase

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39
Q

Nitric oxide is stimulates ______ using chemical messenger activating _______________.

A

Nitric oxide is stimulates dilation of blood vessels using chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase

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40
Q

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate?

A

skeletal muscle

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41
Q

What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis?

A

promotes movement of blood gulcose out of skeletal muscle cells

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42
Q

What are the dually innverated organs?

A

urinary bladder

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43
Q

What drugs are known as beta blockers because they soley block Beta 1 adrenergic receptors thereby decreasing cardiac output to control blood pressure?

A

Atenolol and Metaprolol

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44
Q

What occurs when one sympathetic preganglion synapses with serveral post g?

A

divergence

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45
Q

In phospholipase C mechanism, the increase ofo intracellular calcium comes from?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

Which part os the brain hekps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?

A

cerebellum

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47
Q

Visceral reactions which accompany emtional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by?

A

limbic system

48
Q

The swelling on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitters are ?

A

varisocosities

49
Q

Secondary messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C?

A

may activate calmodulin

50
Q

T/F

Sympathetic function is always the opposite of parasympathetic function

A

False

51
Q

T/F

Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathetic function

A

False

52
Q

T/F
The hypothalamus, anterior pitutary and various target glands control the functions of each other so there is no master gland

A

true

53
Q

T/F

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years’ hyposecretion of growth hormone

A

True

54
Q

T/F

Many autonomic viseral effectior organs can’t function without nervous innervation

A

false

55
Q

T/F

Damage to an autonomic nerve makes it more sensitive to stimulation

A

true

56
Q

T/F

Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally

A

False

57
Q

What do neurohormones secreated by the hypothalamus control?

A

regulation of body metabolism, growth and reproduction

58
Q

An example of complentary effects are?

A

Salivary glands
Para-watery saliva
Sympa-thick saliva

59
Q

And example of cooperative effects are?

A

Erection and Ejaculation
Erection-para causes vasodilation
Ejaculation-sympa

60
Q

An example of two glycoproteins are?

A

Lutenizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone

61
Q

3 examples of polypeptide/protein hormones are?

A

ADH
Insulin
Growth hormone

62
Q

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause?

A

Vasoconstriction, pale queesy dry moth

63
Q

Alpha 1 antgonists are? and cause?

A

Phentolamine

causes vasoconstriction and used in hypertension control

64
Q

Alpha 1 agonists are? and cause

A

Phenylephrine and Pseudophedrine

contracts blood vessels and nasal congestion

65
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors cause?

A

Use negative feedback loops that decrease norepinephrine over time lowering BP

66
Q

Alpha 2 agonists are? and cause?

A

Clonodine and Catapres

uses neg, feedback lowering BP

67
Q

Alpha 2 antagonists are? and cause?

A

Yohimbine

Increased BP, used for ED

68
Q

Beta 1 receptors cause?

A

Control heart beat making heart beat faster

69
Q

Beta 1 agonists are? and cause?

A

Dobutamine

increase HR and contraction strength

70
Q

Beta 1 antagonists are? and cause?

A

Metoprolol and Atenolol

decrease heart rate and control hypertension

71
Q

Beta 2 receptors cause?

A

Bronchiodilation in non-vascular smooth muscles

72
Q

Beta 2 agonsts are?

A

Terbutaline and Albuterol

dilate broncioles but causes constapation

73
Q

Muscarinic cholenergic angonists are? Waht do they cause?

A

Metacholine and Pilocardine and treat asthma by dilating bronchiles
Pilocardine also dilates pupils

74
Q

Muscarinic Cholenergic antagonists are?

A

Atropine

Causes intense muscle relaxation

75
Q

Nictotinic receptors:
Agonist?
Antagonist?

A

Agonist-nicotine

Antagonist-D-turbocuraine causing muscle relaxation

76
Q

Cholenergic receptors always release _____ from para and sympa and are always _______ from pre-ganglionic and sometimes ________ from post

A

Cholenergic receptors always release ACH from para and sympa and are always stimulatory from pre-ganglionic and sometimes inhibitory from post

77
Q

The inner layer of medulla that secretes adrenaline and norepinephrine can be stimulated as part of?

A

mass activation

78
Q

What kind of hormones does the Adrenal medulla secrete?

A

steroid hormones

79
Q

The sympathetic nervous originates in?

A

spinal cord from 1st thoracic to 2nd lumbar

80
Q

What are the cranial nerves receiving Paras. innervation?

A

Occulomotor, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and facial

81
Q

What are some effectors that DO NOT receive parasymathetic innervation?

A

Cutaneous effectors such as skin, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles

82
Q

Cocain and Ritalin are both examples of?

A

dopamine transport blockers

83
Q

What effect do amphetamines have?

A

force all NT monoamines to exit synaptic vessicles so they reside in the cleft

84
Q

What NT does ritalin effect?

A

dopamine

85
Q

What NT does stratera effect?

A

norepinephrine

86
Q

What NT does Adderal efect?

A

Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine via a cocktail of amphetamines

87
Q

Viagra creates production of ________ _________ which causes Vasodilation and increase blood flow.

A

Nitric oxide

88
Q

Viagra is turned off by ?

A

PDE

89
Q

What is the effect of norepinephrine?

A

Increased heart rate

inhibiting of smooth muscle causing vasodilation

90
Q

Two examples of inhibitory NTS are?

A

Glycine and GABA

91
Q

What are some examples of NTs that exhibit retrograde transmission?

A

Glutamate and Endocannibinoids

92
Q

What are two examples of excitatory NT?

A

Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid

93
Q

A SSRIS functions by?

A

inhibiting monoamines to break down serotonin in the synaptic cleft

94
Q

Where are monoamines that break down serotonin located?

A

the terminal boutons

95
Q

Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac and Luvox are all examples of drugs that effect?

A

serotonin

96
Q

Spastic paralysis creates a _______ motion because?

A

quivering; because contraction with no movement

97
Q

What type of paralysis is it when muscles are loose like jelly?

A

flaccid

98
Q

Disrupting innervation to a skeletal muscle results in?

A

muscle will atrophy and wither away eventually to be replaced by connective tissue

99
Q

Disruption of innervation to a viseral effector would?

A

result in hypersenstivity

100
Q

Name the regions of the brain from anterior to posterior

A 
Telencephalon 
(Cerebrum)
Limbic system
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon
Cerebellum 
Pons 
Myencephalon
101
Q

The ponds offers two important functions in the brain, what are they?

A

fiber track linking cerebellum and cerebrum

Ralphe nucleus that produces serotonin

102
Q

The medulla oblongata and brain are both reference to?

A

the myenscephalon

103
Q

The cerebrum is in control of major muscular movements, but what is the part of the brain that ‘fine tunes’ these movements?

A

the cerebellum

104
Q

What part of the brain offers a reward for increased fitness?

A

the limbic system (located in the telencephalon)

105
Q

What are the 4 controls of the PNS?

A

Stretch receptors in skin
Baroreceptors in blood vessels
Chemoreceptors
Sensory input=brain

106
Q

The myencephalon has what functions?

A

Cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and reproductive functions

107
Q

What part of the brain controls hunger and thirst?

A

the hypothalamus

108
Q

Endogenous opoids work how?

A

work on the axonic synapse of neuron that releases Substance P

109
Q

Which Polypeptide is responsible for circadian rythm, regulation of cardiovascular system and is a appetite stimulant?

A

Neuropeptide Y

110
Q

Lepin causes?

A

appetite supression

111
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in initiation of skeletal muscle?

A

dopamine

112
Q

Acetylcholine is used in the sympathetic NS in what areas?

A

in sweat glands and skeletal muscle

113
Q

Metatropic means?

A

uses secondary messengers such as G proteins

114
Q

Adrenergic receptors can stimulate?

A

heart, piliatory muscles of iris, muscles of Blood vessels

115
Q

Adrenergic receptors can inhibit?

A

Bronchioles, Blood vessels, dilation

Physiology (7 decks)

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