Test 3 Review 2nd deck Flashcards
Name the steps in the Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system
Hormone binds to receptor Activates G protein Turns on Adenylate Cyclase Converts ATP to cAMP cAMP turns on Protein kinase Protein kinase phosphoralates proteins
Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system is turned off by?
Protein phosphorlation because PDE destroys cAMP
Name the steps in Steroid Hormone mechanism
Hormone binds to carrier protein Detachment from carrier protein into cell Attaches to nuclear receptor Translocated into nucleus Binds to half site on DNA Another hormone bonds to 2nd half site Dimerization Transcription turned on/off
Name the steps in Alpha 1 receptor mech
Hormone binds to receptor
Activates g protein
Phospholipase takes IP3 or DAG
IP3 binds Ca2+
Ca2+ channels open flooding cell with Ca2+
Ca2+ binds to calmodium to form complex
Ca2+/calmodium complex turns on protein kinase
Name the steps in Thyroid hormone mech
Tyrosine turns in to Thyroxine or Tetraiodothromine
Throxine binds to globular protein
Nuclear receptor with already bound to 1/2 site awaits arrival of Hormone
What is the receptor for Thyriod hormone?
9-cis-retonic acid made from vitamin A
Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in ______ even though they are _______ and _______ allowing them to diffuse through membrane
Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in blood even though they are lipid and hydrophobic allowing them to diffuse through membrane
The receptors for steroid hormone are?
Nuclear receptors therefore acting in nucleus to turn transcription on or off
The thyroid hormone calcitrol is produced by?
vitmain A
An example of a post-hormone is?
insulin because it is inactive until it is altered within the endocrine gland
A pre-hormone is?
molecule released is altered by into hormone at arrival of target cell
Where are corticosteriods produced? what kind of hormone are they?
adrenal gland - steroid hormones
The parathyroid hormone does what in the body?
Increases blood calcium levels
causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium
Causes disolution of calcium phosphate by bones
Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which?
regulate gene transcrition
What is produced when two diodotyrosine molecules couple together?
tetraiodothryonine and thyroxine
What element is necessary for production of thyroxine
iodine
What are the three functional cateogories of corticosteroids?
glucorcorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex steroids
What autonomic division is dominate in emergency situations?
sympathetic
Postganglionic axons which do not secrete catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete?
Nitric oxide
VIP
ATP
What hormones stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation?
oxytocin
Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until the are changed by their target cells are?
pre-hormones
Steroid hormones may be found in?
both cytoplasm and nucleus
What drug blocks the ____ adrenergic receptors because they exacerbate asthma?
Beta 2 primarily
but propanol blocks both beta one and two
Postganglionic _______ nerves release acetylcholine
Parasympathetic
The vagus nerve innervated?
lungs
heart
stomach
What are the secondary messengers activated by lipophobic hormones?
tyrosine kinase
phospholipase
adenylate cyclase
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate?
brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord
What drug is an ahlpa one agonist that causes vasoconstriction by acting as nasal decongestant?
Psuedophedrine
The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of
blood glucose
Throyoid hormone receptors form __ on their half sites
heterodimers
cAMP activates _________ that activates other enxymes in the cell
protein kinase
What are the collateral ganglion?
Superior mesenteric, celiac and inferior messenteric
The collateral ganglion contain?
nicotinic receptors
What is the function of ADH?
stimulates water retention in kidneys
The brain produces lipid NTs called ________
enkephalins
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ________ is called the hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary
Protein kinase catalyzes the ____ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm.
Phosphorylation
Many growth factors use __________ as a second messenger
tyrosine kinase
Nitric oxide is stimulates ______ using chemical messenger activating _______________.
Nitric oxide is stimulates dilation of blood vessels using chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase
Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate?
skeletal muscle
What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis?
promotes movement of blood gulcose out of skeletal muscle cells
What are the dually innverated organs?
urinary bladder
What drugs are known as beta blockers because they soley block Beta 1 adrenergic receptors thereby decreasing cardiac output to control blood pressure?
Atenolol and Metaprolol
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglion synapses with serveral post g?
divergence
In phospholipase C mechanism, the increase ofo intracellular calcium comes from?
the endoplasmic reticulum
Which part os the brain hekps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?
cerebellum
Visceral reactions which accompany emtional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by?
limbic system
The swelling on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitters are ?
varisocosities
Secondary messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C?
may activate calmodulin
T/F
Sympathetic function is always the opposite of parasympathetic function
False
T/F
Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathetic function
False
T/F
The hypothalamus, anterior pitutary and various target glands control the functions of each other so there is no master gland
true
T/F
Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years’ hyposecretion of growth hormone
True
T/F
Many autonomic viseral effectior organs can’t function without nervous innervation
false
T/F
Damage to an autonomic nerve makes it more sensitive to stimulation
true
T/F
Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally
False
What do neurohormones secreated by the hypothalamus control?
regulation of body metabolism, growth and reproduction
An example of complentary effects are?
Salivary glands
Para-watery saliva
Sympa-thick saliva
And example of cooperative effects are?
Erection and Ejaculation
Erection-para causes vasodilation
Ejaculation-sympa
An example of two glycoproteins are?
Lutenizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone
3 examples of polypeptide/protein hormones are?
ADH
Insulin
Growth hormone
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause?
Vasoconstriction, pale queesy dry moth
Alpha 1 antgonists are? and cause?
Phentolamine
causes vasoconstriction and used in hypertension control
Alpha 1 agonists are? and cause
Phenylephrine and Pseudophedrine
contracts blood vessels and nasal congestion
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors cause?
Use negative feedback loops that decrease norepinephrine over time lowering BP
Alpha 2 agonists are? and cause?
Clonodine and Catapres
uses neg, feedback lowering BP
Alpha 2 antagonists are? and cause?
Yohimbine
Increased BP, used for ED
Beta 1 receptors cause?
Control heart beat making heart beat faster
Beta 1 agonists are? and cause?
Dobutamine
increase HR and contraction strength
Beta 1 antagonists are? and cause?
Metoprolol and Atenolol
decrease heart rate and control hypertension
Beta 2 receptors cause?
Bronchiodilation in non-vascular smooth muscles
Beta 2 agonsts are?
Terbutaline and Albuterol
dilate broncioles but causes constapation
Muscarinic cholenergic angonists are? Waht do they cause?
Metacholine and Pilocardine and treat asthma by dilating bronchiles
Pilocardine also dilates pupils
Muscarinic Cholenergic antagonists are?
Atropine
Causes intense muscle relaxation
Nictotinic receptors:
Agonist?
Antagonist?
Agonist-nicotine
Antagonist-D-turbocuraine causing muscle relaxation
Cholenergic receptors always release _____ from para and sympa and are always _______ from pre-ganglionic and sometimes ________ from post
Cholenergic receptors always release ACH from para and sympa and are always stimulatory from pre-ganglionic and sometimes inhibitory from post
The inner layer of medulla that secretes adrenaline and norepinephrine can be stimulated as part of?
mass activation
What kind of hormones does the Adrenal medulla secrete?
steroid hormones
The sympathetic nervous originates in?
spinal cord from 1st thoracic to 2nd lumbar
What are the cranial nerves receiving Paras. innervation?
Occulomotor, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and facial
What are some effectors that DO NOT receive parasymathetic innervation?
Cutaneous effectors such as skin, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles
Cocain and Ritalin are both examples of?
dopamine transport blockers
What effect do amphetamines have?
force all NT monoamines to exit synaptic vessicles so they reside in the cleft
What NT does ritalin effect?
dopamine
What NT does stratera effect?
norepinephrine
What NT does Adderal efect?
Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine via a cocktail of amphetamines
Viagra creates production of ________ _________ which causes Vasodilation and increase blood flow.
Nitric oxide
Viagra is turned off by ?
PDE
What is the effect of norepinephrine?
Increased heart rate
inhibiting of smooth muscle causing vasodilation
Two examples of inhibitory NTS are?
Glycine and GABA
What are some examples of NTs that exhibit retrograde transmission?
Glutamate and Endocannibinoids
What are two examples of excitatory NT?
Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid
A SSRIS functions by?
inhibiting monoamines to break down serotonin in the synaptic cleft
Where are monoamines that break down serotonin located?
the terminal boutons
Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac and Luvox are all examples of drugs that effect?
serotonin
Spastic paralysis creates a _______ motion because?
quivering; because contraction with no movement
What type of paralysis is it when muscles are loose like jelly?
flaccid
Disrupting innervation to a skeletal muscle results in?
muscle will atrophy and wither away eventually to be replaced by connective tissue
Disruption of innervation to a viseral effector would?
result in hypersenstivity
Name the regions of the brain from anterior to posterior
Telencephalon (Cerebrum) Limbic system Diencephalon Mesencephalon Cerebellum Pons Myencephalon
The ponds offers two important functions in the brain, what are they?
fiber track linking cerebellum and cerebrum
Ralphe nucleus that produces serotonin
The medulla oblongata and brain are both reference to?
the myenscephalon
The cerebrum is in control of major muscular movements, but what is the part of the brain that ‘fine tunes’ these movements?
the cerebellum
What part of the brain offers a reward for increased fitness?
the limbic system (located in the telencephalon)
What are the 4 controls of the PNS?
Stretch receptors in skin
Baroreceptors in blood vessels
Chemoreceptors
Sensory input=brain
The myencephalon has what functions?
Cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and reproductive functions
What part of the brain controls hunger and thirst?
the hypothalamus
Endogenous opoids work how?
work on the axonic synapse of neuron that releases Substance P
Which Polypeptide is responsible for circadian rythm, regulation of cardiovascular system and is a appetite stimulant?
Neuropeptide Y
Lepin causes?
appetite supression
Which neurotransmitter is involved in initiation of skeletal muscle?
dopamine
Acetylcholine is used in the sympathetic NS in what areas?
in sweat glands and skeletal muscle
Metatropic means?
uses secondary messengers such as G proteins
Adrenergic receptors can stimulate?
heart, piliatory muscles of iris, muscles of Blood vessels
Adrenergic receptors can inhibit?
Bronchioles, Blood vessels, dilation
