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Physiology > Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of a neuron to transmit charge through its cytoplasm is called called cable properties and is very?

A

poor

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2
Q

What poison inhibits glycine receptors?

A

strychine

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3
Q 
Which of the following are natural analgesics?
Dynorphins 
endorphins 
enkephalins 
All apply
A

All apply

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4
Q

Which of the following are not true of EPSPs?
a-they are inhibited by neurotransmitters
b-they are capable of summation
c-they have a refractory period
d-they are graded responses

A

They have a refractory period

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5
Q

The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is?

A

neuropeptide Y

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6
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

transmites action potientials from cell body

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7
Q

Blocking ___________ channels would prevent depolarization.

A

Na+

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8
Q

Birds and fish have comparitively larger _____________ to account for the the complex movements they utilize daily

A

cerebellum

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9
Q

Which drug is utilized for ADD/ADHD and is not typically an issue when it comes to susbstance abuse as it deals closely with the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

A

Straterra

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10
Q

All of the following will inhibit the regeneration of a cut axon EXCEPT

a) death recepetors
b) nogo protiens
c) schwann cells
d) glial scars

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

As the intensity of a stimula increases, more axons become activated. This is called

A

recruitment

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12
Q

What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons?

A

connexins

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13
Q

What type of neurons are pseudounipolar and carry impulses towards the CNS?

A

sensory neurons

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14
Q

The _________ dopamine system may be involved in emotinal reward and drug addiction

A

mesolimbic

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15
Q

What amino acid are dopamine, norephinerine, and epinephrine derived from?

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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17
Q

What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potientials?

A

Ligand-gated channels

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18
Q

What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?

A

cell-adhesion molecules

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19
Q

Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors?

A

autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by?

A

oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

Nerve gad and cockroach poison are similar in that they cause the generation of uncontrolled action potientals which leads to uncontrolled muscle contractions and eventual death. How do these poisons work?

A

Blocking acetylcholinersterase

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22
Q

Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged?

A

Schwann cells

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23
Q

The regulatory subunits in the action of the monomaine neurotranmitters prefers to bond to ________ when present

A

cAMP

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24
Q

Muscarinic Ach receports act through ________” activation of K+ channels

A

G-proteins

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25
Q

Receptors that require the use of secondary messengers are known as __________.

A

metabotropic

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26
Q

Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by?

A

blocking Ca+ voltage gates channels in the terminal buttons

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27
Q

Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic yet also produces free-radicals?

A

microgia

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28
Q

What action produces an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

opening of Cl- channels into the neuron

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29
Q

In a myelinated axon, Na+ channels are

A

concentrated on the nodes of Ranvier

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30
Q

Which of the following will NOT lead to the release of endogenous opiods?

a) running hard for 5 miles
b) taking a BIOL 460 exam
c) breaking your leg in a car wreck
d) eating pepper that are very got

A

b) taking a bio 460 exam

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31
Q

The action of ________ phosphorylates various enzymes which will turn them on and off as well as open and close ion chanels.

A

protein kinase

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32
Q

What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons?

A

neurilemma

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33
Q

Which of the following is NOT broken down by the COMT in the post-synaptic cell?

a) dopamine
b) epinephrine
c) norephinephrine
d) serotonin

A

serotonin

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34
Q

Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by?

A

a 40mm diameter myelinated axon

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35
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) breaks down neurotransmittesr in the presynaptic cell

A

dopamine
serotonin
norepineephrine

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36
Q

What is NOT true of the relative refractory period?
a-Na+ channels are inactivated
b-many Na+ channels are returning to a closed state
c-K+ is moving out of the axon through its open channels
d-a strong stimulus could cause a depolarization

A

Na+ channels are inactivated

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37
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in?

A

glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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38
Q

Enhancing the excitability of a synpase by continual use so that transmisson is favored along certain pathways is called?

A

long-term potentiation

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39
Q

Parkinson’s disease occurs due to issues with _________ neurons.

A

dopaminergic neurons

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40
Q

Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called?

A

SNARE

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41
Q

The average resting membrane potiential of an axon is?

A

-70mv

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42
Q

Which G-protein subunit binds GDP?

A

alpha subunit

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43
Q

Curcare toxin inhibits the nictinic cholinergic receptors causing?

A

Flaccid paralysis

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44
Q

Which region of the brain contains the hypothalamus?

A

dicencephalon

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45
Q

T/F

Somatic motor neurons innervate involuntary effects

A

False

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46
Q

T/F

The blood/brain barrier may prevent medications from reaching brain tissue

A

True

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47
Q

T/F

Endogenous opioids transmit impulses of pain

A

False

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48
Q

T/F

The majority of the limbic system is located in the myelencephalon

A

False

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49
Q

T/F

The nicotinic ACh receptor is a ligand-gated channel

A

True

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50
Q

T/F

The threshold value for an action potential of a neuron is +30mv

A

False

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51
Q

T/F

Glycine and GABA stimulate opening of CL-channels

A

True

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52
Q

T/F

Most brain tumors in adults are found within neurons

A

False

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53
Q

T/F
Retrograde axonal transport may be responsible for movement of herpes virus, rabies virus, and tetanus toxin from nerve terminals to the cell body

A

True

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54
Q

T/F

Serotonin is produced in the cell bodies of the mesencephalon, specifically the tegmentum

A

False

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55
Q

Resting membrane poteintal is when a cell is?

A

is NOT producing any impulses

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56
Q

The cell membrane is most permeable to?

A

potassium ions

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57
Q

The resting membrane poteintial is ?

A

-70mv

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58
Q

Cell signalling is how cells?

A

communicate with each other

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59
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

adjacent cells to pass ions and regulatory molecules through channel, connecting the two cytoplasms of different cells

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60
Q

When cells within a organ secrete molecules that diffuse across the extra-cellular space to nearby target cells it is called?

A

paracrine signalling

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61
Q

When neurons secrete neurotransmitters across synapses to target cells it is called?

A

synaptic

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62
Q

When glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream and only cells that are target cells respond it is called?

A

Endocrine signalling

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63
Q

What are specific protiens that will react to paracrine regulators, NTS or specific hormones are called?

A

receptor protiens

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64
Q

Where are receptor proteins located?

A

on cell membrane, inside the cell, and sometimes insides the nucleus

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65
Q

What are some examples of receptor proteins in the nucleus?

A

Steroid, thyroid and NO

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66
Q

What are some examples of receptor proteins on the cell membrane?

A

epinephrine
Acetylcholine
insulin

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67
Q

An example of a secondary messenger is?

A

Large molecules or polar molecules that bind to receptors on the membrane

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68
Q

Once a large or polar molecule is bound to the cell membrane, a secondary messenger will?

A

be sent into the cell or formed within the cell and complete the job

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69
Q

_____________ ____________= signal transduction pathway

A

secondary messengers

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70
Q

What is cAMP?

A

Cyclic adensoine mono-phosphate

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71
Q

cAMP is produced from?

A

ATP

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72
Q

G-proteins are comprised of?

A

3 protein subunits

Alpha, Beta and Delta

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73
Q

When a g-protein receptor is unbound (inactive) all subunits will?

A

aggregate together with receptor and alpha beinds to GDP

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74
Q

When a regulatory protein molecule binds to a receptor what occurs with the g-protein?

A

Alpha dissacoiates from beta and gamma, and either alpha or beta/gamma moves through cell membrane and binds to an effector protein (enzyme or ion channels

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75
Q

After effector protein is activated, the alpha subunit does what (g-protein)?

A

alpha splits GTP into GDP and pi and reagreegates with beta and gamma unstimulated receptor

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76
Q

The CNS is made of?

A

The brain and spinal chord

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77
Q

The PNS is made of?

A

cranial nerves and Spinal nerves

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78
Q

What are neurons?

A

structural & function unit responds to both physical and chemical stimulus

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79
Q

What type of cell produce and conduct electrical impulses, release chemical regulators and enable preception of sensory learning, memory and control of muscles and glands?

A

Neurons

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80
Q

What function do neuroglial cells serve?

A

support

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81
Q

T/F Neuroglial cells divide by mitosis

A

true

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82
Q

What is the cause of cancer cells in nervous tissue?

A

neuroglial cells

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83
Q

Where are the nucleus and other organelles were macro molecules are located?

A

Neurons cell body

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84
Q

What are Nissil bodies?

A

Stacks of rough ER that synthesis membrane proteins

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85
Q

A group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is called the?

A

nucleus

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86
Q

A group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is called the?

A

ganglia

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87
Q

What are dendrites?

A

thin, branching cells that go from cytoplasm to cell body and typically receive signals

88
Q

What are axons?

A

Conducts APs (Electrical impulses)

89
Q

What size are axons?

A

They vary in size, 1mm to over 1M long

90
Q

What is the axonal Hillock?

A

A enlarged portion of the axon near cell body

91
Q

What is important to know about the axon hillock?

A

Action Potential starts here

92
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

Branches at the end of axons

93
Q

What do axons commonly have?

A

myelin sheaths

94
Q

The open spots in between the myelin sheaths are called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

95
Q

Anterograde axonal transport is?

A

From cell body to axon collaterals

96
Q

Retrograde axonal transport is?

A

From axon to cell body

97
Q

What is an example of retrograde axonal transport?

A

Herpes

98
Q

What are the fast components of axonal transport?

A

Membranous vessicles neurotransmitters that move at speeds of 50-400mm/day

99
Q

What are the two slow componenets of axonal transport?

A

Tubules and Protiens (28mm/day)

100
Q

What are the two major cateogories of functional nerves?

A

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) neurons

101
Q

Sensory nerves?

A

send impulses into CNS from sensory receptors

102
Q

Motor Nerves?

A

Send impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

103
Q

What are the different types of motor neurons?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

104
Q

Somatic motor neurons?

A

contract under voluntary control

105
Q

Autonomic motor neurons?

A

contract in-voluntary muscle, stimulate gland secretions

106
Q

What are the two types of Autonomic motor neurons?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

107
Q

Sympathetic autonomic motor neurons?

A

are responsible for an emergency situations (Fight or flight)

108
Q

Parasympathetic autonomic motor neurons?

A

are responsible for everyday function (rest and digest)

109
Q

Association neurons are also called?

A

Interneurons

110
Q

Where are association neurons located?

A

in the CNS

111
Q

Structural classification of neurons is based off?

A

of processes that extend from the cell body

112
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons are?

A

Sensory and have 1 process that splits like a T to form 2 long processes

113
Q

Bipolar neurons are?

A

Retina of the eye, choclea of ear

2 processes at each end

114
Q

Multipolar neurons are?

A

The most common and have several dendrites, 1 axon

motor neurons and interneurons

115
Q

Nerves are?

A

Nerves=bundles of axons located in PNS

and most will have both sensory and motor neurons

116
Q

Mixed nerves are?

A

sensory and motor neurons

117
Q

Tracks are?

A

bundles of axons located in CNS

118
Q

Neurons come from?

A

ectoderm

119
Q

Most of the connective tissue is derived from?

A

mesoderm

120
Q

Neuroglial cells come from?

A

ectoderm

121
Q

What type of nerve cells DO NOT conduct electrical impulses?

A

Neuroglial cells

122
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths around PNS axons?

A

Schwann Cells

123
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Support cell bodies with ganglia in PNS

124
Q

What type of cells form myelin sheaths around CNS axons?

A

oligodendrites

125
Q

What do Microglia do in the CNS?

A

phagocitize foreign and degenerated material.

However they produce free-radicals that can result in neurogenerative disorders

126
Q

What do astrocytes do in the CNS?

A

Regulate the external enviroment of neurons and induce formation of the blood brain barrier

127
Q

What do epindiaml cells do>

A

secrete cerebrospinal fliud that line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal chord

128
Q

Schwann cells are also called?

A

neurilemma

129
Q

Small axons in the PNS will be __________.

A

unmyelinated

130
Q

Myelinated axons transport

A

impulses more rapidly

131
Q

Myelin sheath in the CNS is formed by

A

oligodendrites

132
Q

Myelin gives axons?

A

white color

133
Q

White color given by myelin is called?

A

White matter

134
Q

Unmyelinated axons are called?

A

grey matter

135
Q

If schwann cell is only wrapped around axon once, it is called?

A

neurilemma

136
Q

If a schwann cells is wrapped more than once around axon, it is called?

A

a myeline sheath

137
Q

If an axon in the PNS is cut, the severed part?

A

degenerated and is phagocitized by schwann cells

138
Q

What happens when schwann cells phagocitize severed axons in PNS?

A

The schwann cell forms regeneration tube releasing growth factors which release axon spouts in tube

139
Q

How long does it take to regrow a new PNS axon?

A

~200 days

140
Q

CNS axons that are cut?

A

do not regenerate

141
Q

What occurs if a CNS axon is severed?

A

Death receptors form and promote apoptosis of oligodendrites

142
Q

NoGo proteins are?

A

inhibitory proteins that are produced by oligodendrites that prevent regeneration

143
Q

Astrocytes do what after a CNS axon is severed?

A

form ‘glial scars’ as a physical block

144
Q

Research into the inhibition of No-go showed?

A

improved axonal regeneration

145
Q

Neurotropins are?

A

autocrine regulators secreted by neurons and neuroglial cells that promote axonal growth

146
Q

What does nerve growth factor do?

A

Promotes the survival and growth of sympathetic and sensory neurons in developing fetal brain
responsible for maitence of sympathetic growth factor
aids in regeneration of sensory neurons after injury

147
Q

Astroycutes make up?

A

90% of nervous tissue in the body

148
Q

What type of nerve cell has feet-like protrusions that allow them to interact with alot of surrounding tissues?

A

Astrocytes

149
Q

T/F Astrocytes do not produce action potential

A

True

150
Q

What excites astrocytes?

A

They are excited by changes intracellular Ca2+ concentrations

151
Q

When Ca2+ concentrations are high Astrocytes release____________ and end feet are on blood capillary. What does this stimulate?

A

prostoglandin and this stimulated vasodilation

152
Q

What are the 9 functions of Astrocytes?

A
  • take up extracellular K+
  • Take up excess neurotransmitters from synapse
  • Take up glucose from blood
  • Store Glycogen
  • Necessary for synapse formation, maturation and maitence
  • regulate the growth of nervous tissue in brain
  • Secrete glial- derived neurotrophic factor
  • induce formation of blood/brain
  • Release gliotransmitters
153
Q

Astrocytes take up glucose from blood by?

A

Metabolizing it into lactate or lactic acid to provide energy for neurons

154
Q

What are the gliotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, ATP, Adenosine, and D-serine

155
Q

What does an MRI visualize?

A

Visualizes the metabolic actives of the brain

156
Q

Functioning __________ are just as important as functioning ________.

A

astrocytes/neurons

157
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Structures and cells that selectively prevent things from entering CNS

158
Q

T/F There are no pores in capillaries of the brain between adjacent cells

A

True

159
Q

The adjacent cells in CNS are held together by?

A

zona occulens

160
Q

T/F THere is no paracellular transport in the brain, just transcellular movement

A

True

161
Q

What cells are responsible for the proteins of the tight junctions, production of ion channels and carrier proteins, and production of enzymes to destroy poteintially toxic materal

A

astrocytes

162
Q

T/F Most drugs cannot cross the blood/brain barrier

A

true

163
Q

What is L-Dopa?

A

The pre-cursor to dopamine

164
Q

What regulatory molecule is associated with parkinsons?

A

dopamine

165
Q

What is one of the issues with treating menegitis?

A

Antibiotics have issues crossing the blood-brain barrier

166
Q

Poteintial difference is?

A

the voltage across the membrane

167
Q

Resting membrane poteintal is when?

A

a cell is not conducting an impulse

168
Q

The resting membrane potential of a cell is?

A

-70mv

169
Q

What contributes to the resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

Large organic ions inside cell
Na+/K+ pump
Permeability to inorganic cations

170
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

Combo of concentration gradient of ion and its attraction to opposite charges

171
Q

How do you measure changes in potential difference?

A

2 electrodes, one in cytoplasm and 1 in ectracellular fluid

172
Q

An oscilloscope allows?

A

one ot visualize changes

173
Q

What is causing membrane potential?

A

Ion gating-changes in the flow of ions through channels

174
Q

Why is the cell most permeable to K+?

A

K+ has more channels than other ions

K+ has two types of channels

175
Q

What are the two types of channels that K+ has?

A

No gate at all=leaky channels

Voltage gated channels

176
Q

T/F Na+ has no leaky channels only voltage gated

A

True

177
Q

depolarization occurs to

A

-55mv

178
Q

When D.P is -55, what occurs

A

at -55mv this is a que for Na+ voltage gated channels to open, and once open Na+ rushes inside cell

179
Q

When Na+ is rushing into the cell, it’s voltage gated channels remain open to what mv before closing?

A

-30mv

180
Q

At -30mv, what occurs?

A

K+ voltage gates channels open and K+ leaves cell

181
Q

The action of K+ ions leaving the cell causes?

A

repolarization

182
Q

Action potentials overshoot to?

A

-85mv

183
Q

Anytime you get -55mv you will?

A

get an action potential

184
Q

T/F The size of a stimulus will not affect the size of an action potential.

A

True

185
Q

How does the size of a stimulus affect nervous tissue?

A

The larger the size the more neurons will activate

186
Q

What is the process of the size of an stimulus affecting more neurons called?

A

recruitment

187
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A new action potential can’t start until the previous one is finished

188
Q

The absolute refractory period is?

A

When a new stimulus has no effect

189
Q

The relative refractory period is when?

A

A supermaximal stimulus can start a new action potential

190
Q

What are cable properties?

A

Ability of neurons to conduct charges through the cytoplasm

191
Q

Cable properties are?

A

fairly poor

192
Q

Where are voltage gated channels concentrated at?

A

The nodes of Ranvier

193
Q

On unmyelinated axons, how is the conduction rate?

A

slow

194
Q

What is a salatory conduction?

A

The concentration of voltage gated channels on the nodes of Ranvier because conduction rate being quicker

195
Q

A higher diameter of axon has a higher?

A

conduction rate

196
Q

What is the functional connection between a neuron and a 2nd cell?

A

the synapse

197
Q

The synapse of the CNS is?

A

neuron to neuron

198
Q

The synapse of the PNS is?

A

Neuron to neuron or neuron to effector cell

199
Q

Neuro to muscle is called?

A

neuromuscular junction

200
Q

A pre-synaptic neuron is?

A

a neuron before the synapse

201
Q

A post-synaptic neuron is?

A

neuron after synapse

202
Q

Axodentritic means?

A

axons to dendrites

203
Q

Axosomatic means?

A

axon to cell body

204
Q

Axoaxonic means?

A

Axon to axon

205
Q

Exectrical synapses occur?

A

via gap junctions

206
Q

For electrical synapses to occur the cells must be?

A

less than 2nm apart

207
Q

6 proteins called ______ form transmembrane structures with an aqueous core due to phosphorylation or de-phosphoralation

A

connexins

208
Q

Exectrical synapses occur in what type of tissue?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, some neurons, some neurons of brain and between neurolgial cells

209
Q

Chemical synapses are?

A

junctions between neuron and 2nd cell

210
Q

An enlargement on the tips of axons of pres. neuron are called?

A

terminal buttons

211
Q

Within terminal buttons are?

A

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

212
Q

What are SNARE proteins?

A

dock synaptic vesicles to cell membranes

213
Q

Botulism causes?

A

paralysis because of a toxin from bacteria that alters snare fusion complexes so they cannot undergo exocytosis and can cause death due to diaphram not being able to contract

214
Q

The synaptic cleft?

A

space between pres and post cells

10nm across

215
Q

What stablizes the synaptic cleft?

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) hold the two cells together

216
Q

Action potentials travel down the terminal buttons causing?

A

release of Neurotransmitters

217
Q

More action potentials cause more?

A

release of neurotransmitters

Physiology (7 decks)

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