Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
What kind of connections join epthelial cells tightly together?
junctional complexes
_______ trials maximize the number of test participants and include particpants of both sexes, different ethnic groups, and those who have health problems besides the ones the drug is designed to treat.
Phase III
Plasma freezes at?
-0.56 degrees C
What scientist won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with the digestive system
Pavlov
What are the main three parts of a neuron?
Cell body, axons and dendrites
In a postive feedback mechanism, the action of an effector is?
increased
The Na+/K pump transports __________ into the cell and ________ out of the cell.
2 K+ in
3 Na+ out
Osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to?
stop osmosis
Which of the following indirectly utilizes energy? Simple Diffusion Primary Active Transport Facilitated diffusion Secondary active transport
Secondary active transport
What type of cell signalling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells?
paracrine signaling
What is necessary for a target cell to respond to a cell signalling molecule?
specific receptor proteins
Thermoregulation directly involves?
eccrine sweat glands
The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrum potential for?
potassium ions
Endocrine glands secrete ________ in response to specific stimuli
hormones
How much of the total body water content is in the intracellular compartment?
67%
An integrating center sends information to an?
effector
What are the cateogories of cell signalling molecules?
endocrine signalling
synaptic signalling
paracrine signalling
What protein is present in large amounts in connective tissue proper?
collagen
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix
blood
What is the function of the steep Na+/K+ gradient across the cell membrane
Provides energy for coupled transport
Maintains osmotic pressure
creates electrochemical impulses
Which glucose carrier is activated by either insulin or excerise?
GLUT4
Why are cells in body organs generally within 100nanometers of a blood capillary?
to decrease mean diffusion time
Specialized unicellular glands found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucus are?
goblet cells
Which of the following cells do NOT normally have many aquaporinds in their plasma membranes?
skin
the ATPase enzyme?
hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi
Diffusion _______ the entropy of a solution
increases
The rate of diffusion is influenced by?
the concentration gradient
membrane surface area
membrane permeability
The transport of molecules out of the urinary filtrate and into the blood is called?
reabsorption
The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed?
pathophysiology
All glands that secrete into the digestive tract are?
exocrine
A person who is dehydrated will?
have increased osmolality that causes thirst
plasma osmolality increases
hypothalimus stimulates release of ADH
The zygote (fertillized egg) before implantation has the ability to produce all the various types of cells found in the body, this ability is?
totipotent
Solutes that cannot freely pass through a membrane are said to be?
osmotically active
The transport maximum is related to the property known as?
saturation
The entire epidermis is replaced every?
2 weeks
Most cells have resting membrane potential between?
-65 mV and -85mV
______ are a class of transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to the components in the extracellular matric thereby acting as adhesion molecules as well as communicating between the cells and the matric.
integrins
What are the primary tissues of the body?
epithelium, nervous, muscular
Carrier proteins display which of the following characteristics? Saturation specificity competition all of the above
all of the above
Which regulatory molecule cannot enter its target cell?
both epinephrine and acetylcholine
Histological examinations of the membrane shows several layers of keratinized flattened tissue. The sample most likely came from?
epidermis of the skin
A cell placed in 10% dextrose solution would>
not change
What are examples of exocrine glands?
salivary glands
sweat glands
mucous glands
What glands are responsible for the lubrication of the skin?
sebaceous
Cerebral edema would be treated with a(an) ____________ intervenous solution of mannitol.
hypertonic
Intercalated disks couple ___________ cells both mechanically and electrically
cardiac muscle
True/False:
Desmosomes are a type of junctional complex
True
True/False:
The calcium pump is also an ATPase enzyme
True
True/False:
negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original stimulus
True
True/False:
Organs are typically comprised of groupings of the four primary tissues into structural and functional units
true
True/False:
Organs are typically composed of groupings of the four primary tissues into structural and functional units
true
True/False:
The term homeostasis was coined by Walter Cannon to describe the dynamic constancy of the internal enviroment
true
True/False:
Muscle found in association with blood vessels would be striated
False
True/False:
Bacteria are responsible for the characteristic body odor of apocrine sweat
true
True/False:
Intersitial fluid is made from blood plasma and returns to blood plasma
true
True/False:
Diffusion is more rapid in cells with microvilli compared to cells lacking microvilli
true
True/False:
Fat is a type of connective tissue
True
True/False:
A 10% dextrose solution is isotonic to plasma
False
True/False:
Epithelial membranes cover body surfaces and line the cavity of organs
True
Physiology comes from what two greek words?
physio meaning nature
logos meaning to study
Pharmaceutical drugs are designed to fix physiology when it?
deviates from the norm
Animal models are used when?
Animals are susceptable to the same disease or malady that humans experience
Phase I of a clinical trial involves
testing drugs on healthy humans
Phase II of a clinical trial involves?
some of the population who has disease/disorder
Phase IV of a clinical trial involves?
other potential uses of the drug
and example of this is viagra
originally used for treatment of high blood pressure
Phase III of a clinical trial involves?
Using populations who have other disorders, both sexes, ethnic groups and approval of the FDA
Who was Erasistratus?
the 1st physiologist who tried to apply physical laws to how the body functions
Who was Galan?
the most prominate physiologist of his time
who was harvey?
Discovered that the heart pumps blood through a closed system
Who was Bernard?
Came up with Milleu Interior (internal enviroment) maintains constant conditions
What did Cannon do?
Defined homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
dynamic constancy of internal enviroment
Lardstiener discovered?
the different blood types
Van Bearing discovered?
Antibodies and came up with a serum with antibodies that treated dipthera
Langley studied?
the automatic nervous system
Who disovered insulin?
Banting, Best, and Macleod
The Role of ATP was discovered by?
von Szent-Gypgi
What is a stimulus?
changes from normal conditions
What is the timeline of a negative feedback loop?
Stimulus alerts a sensor, which sends message to the integrating center, which then checks to insure change is present. If so the integrating center will send an effector which will institute the change
In a negative feedback loop, what step actually effects the change?
the effector
An example of a negative feedback loop is?
A high fever
Body senses fever and induces sweating to drop body temperature, but if body sweats too much hypothermic conditions will be present and body will shiver to warm
In a negative feedback loop, whatever the stimulus that began the reaction, the effector will be _______.
opposite
Negative feedback loops can also be called?
Antagonistic factors
In a positive feedback loop, the action of the effector __________ the change that stimulated the loop.
amplifies
An example from the human body of a positive feedback loop is?
Ovulation
Homeostasis is mantained by ________ mechanisms built into the organs being regulated
intrinsic
Extrinsic mechanisms are regulated by?
nervous and endocrine systems
Hormones are?
chemical messengers/regulators secreted by endocrine glands in blood
Nerves are?
innervating, sending electrochemical impulses to target organs, muscles and glands
Give an example of the steps of a negative feedback loop for blood glucose/insulin
Eating -> raise in blood glucose -> pancreatic islets -> raise in insulin -> raise in cell uptake of glucose -> lowering of blood glucose
Histology is?
the microscopic study of anatomy
Organs are?
Anatomical and functional parts of body
Systems are?
Organs grouped by common function
Muscles are?
tissues specialized for contraction
What type of muscle would this describe?
“voluntary muscle”, striated, tendons attaching to muscle to bone, conciouslly controlled
skeletal
What type of muscle would this describe?
Striations, non-voluntary, intercalated disks
cardiac
What type of muscle would this describe?
no striations, non-voluntary, typically lining organs
smooth muscle
Myofibrils are?
fusion of seperate muscle cell fibers
__________ cells in heart are much shorter than skeletal forming blanket that covers the heart.
Myocardio cells
The purpose of intercalated disks are
to couple cells both mechanically and electrically
Intercalated disks cause a special type of contraction in the heart, what is it?
Since the disks couple the myocardial cells, if one cell is stimulated then all will be
Called a “whole hearted contraction”
Peristalsis is the?
wavelike contractions that push food through GI tract
Nervous tissue is made of?
neurons and neuroglial cells
What is important to remember about neuroglial cells?
they do NOT conduct impulses but instead serve as support
The neural cell body consists of?
metabolic center with nucleus
The dendrites of a neuron consist of?
branched fibers receiving impluses
Axons?
send messages
What special feature can we observe on the axon?
The myelin sheath that covers the axon and speeds up transmission of impulses
1 layer of cells is considered what type of tissue?
simple
Over 1 layer of cells is considered what type of tissue?
stratified
What is the purpose of skin?
to protect the body, keeping moisture in and bad things out
What water resistant protein do we find in skin?
keratin
The epidermis is replaced every?
2-3 weeks
How often is the epidermis of the stomach replaced?
every 2-3 days
The epidermis is bound tightly so there is no space for blood vessels, so how is the epidermis nourished?
by connective tissues from below the epithelium.
How is connective tissue attached to the epithelium?
by the basement membrane
What are the three types of exocrine glands?
simple tubular
simple acinar
simple branched acinar
All of the exocrine glands are lined with __________ and give two qualities on why this is so
Myoepithelial cells
- smooth muscle
- contracts to squeeze acinar pocket
An example of a excrine gland would be?
lacrimal glands (tear ducts)
Sweat glands are a type of?
eccrine gland
What is the purpose of a sweat gland?
to maintain thermoregulation.
When salt solution is secreted, it evaporates on the skin and cools you
There is a type of gland found in the underarms and pubic region, what type of gland is this?
apocrine
Secretes a protein rich solution that is fed on by bacteria and produces odor
Glands within the pancreas secrete
digestive enzymes
Glands in the liver secrete?
bile to emusify fats
What are the 3 categories of Connective tissue?
Loose areolar
Dense regular connective
Dense irregular connective
What type of connective tissue is this describing?
Protein collagen scattered in gel-like brown substance, allowing material to pass through (such as blood vessels and nerves)
Loose areolar
What type of connective tissue is this describing?
Collagen in this tissue lines up parallel and is packed tightly
normally found in tendons and ligaments
Dense regular connective
What type of connective tissue is this describing?
Tightly packed collagen, not parallel
normally forms sheath around organs
Dense irregular connective
___________ is made from chondrocytes, surrounded in cell-like substance providing cushion
cartilage
The tissue which is the precursor to bone in infants is?
Cartilage
What type of tissue is this describing?’
Concentric circles around blood vessels which calcify to from a structure called lamellae and is made from osteocytes
Bone
____ percent of blood volume is plasma
50%
A structure composed of at least two primary tissues is called?
an organ
*Although most are made of 4 types of tissues
A zygote is a fertilized egg that begins to divide into 3 germ layers. What are they?
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Totipotient means that?
cells can produce ALL the different cell types
Pluripotient means that?
can produce all cells in body except placenta
Zygote cells transition from totipotient to pluripotient when?
the egg is implanted in uterus
Embryonic stem cells are?
pluripotient
The purpose of adult stem cells is to?
maintain and replenish dead cells and are considered multipotient
The intracellular fluid contains?
67% of water in the body
The extracellular fluid contains?
33% of the water in the body
Within the extracellular matrix-
__________ provides structural support, while the ground substance is made of _______ &________.
Within the extracellular matrix-
Protein fibers provides structural support, while the ground substance is made of glycoproteins & proteoglycans
What make the transmembrane structures that relay signals between cells and outside, made of glycoproteins, make cells polar and serve as adhesion molecules
Integrins
Selectively permeably membranes would block what?
proteins and nucleic acids
What type of protein carrier method would this be?
Lipid-soluble ions through non-specific channels
Non-carrier mediated simple diffusion
What type of protein carrier method would this be?
Molecules to large to go straight through membrane
Carrier mediated Facilitated diffusion
What type of protein carrier method would this be?
molecules being transported against concentration gradient
Carrier mediated Active transport
What type of protein carrier method would this be?
Molecules being transported with concentration gradient,, but from area of low concentration to high
Carrier mediated passive transport
Where does the energy required for Active transport come from?
ATP, created by phosphorolating carrier protein to change conformation
What does a solution consist of?
a solvent (normally water) and a solute (molecule dissolved in solvent)
What is net diffusion?
net direction of diffusion going from an area of high concentration to an area of low solute concentration
What does ‘mean diffusion time’ mean?
average time
Ion channels can be?
open or gates
What influences the rate of diffusion
magnitude of concentration difference (driving force of diffusion)
Permeability of membrane
Temperature (higher temps increase rate)
Surface area (more surface area=more diffusion)
Thickness of membrane
The diffusion of solvent and NOT solute has a special term: What is it?
osmosis
For osmosis to occur, you must have?
a solute concentration gradient on either side of membrane
A high solute concentration would require what type of osmotic pressure?
a high osmotic pressure
What is a mol?
a measurement of molecular eight of a compound in grams
What are the # of atoms in one mol?
6.02 x 10^23
Do biologists use moles or molal?
molal
Why do biologists use molal?
because 1 molal= 1 mol in 1 liter of solvent
Each mol of solute is going to depress the Freezing point by _______?
-1.86 C
How do you find the osmolality of blood plasma?
-.056/-1.86 = .305m
The two types of IV bags in a hospital are?
1) 0.9g NaCl/100ml water ——> saline
2) 5% dextrose=5g glucose/100ml h20
What is tonicity?
effect of a solution on the osmosis of water
What does tonicity take into account?
the permability of a membrane
Hypoosmotic/hyperosmotic
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (neurons) detect increases in plasma osmolality trigger:
Thirst
Decreases amount of H20 in urine
How does the hypthalamus decrease amount of H20 in urine?
mechanically=produces more nerve impulses
activates tract of axons in the posterior pituitary to release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) which causes the kidneys to hold on to water to decrease urination
What are the different types of carrier proteins?
Specific (only let one molecule through)
competition (if they allow more than 1)
What is the saturation point?
transport maximum-max rate where a substance can be transported across a plasma membrane
How does glucose cross the plasma membrane?
using facilitated diffusion via carrier proteins called GLUT isoformers
What are the carrier proteins that glucose uses to cross the plasma membrane
GLUT1-central nervous system
GLUT2-pancreatic beta cells (insulin) and hepatocytes of the liver
GLUT3-neurons
GLUT4-adipocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
What type of GLUT is associated with insulin or exercise?
GLUT4
All cells extrude ________.
calcium
intracellular Ca+ concentrations _________ to ________ times less than extracellular Ca concentrations
1000 to 10000
What do the epithelial linings of kidneys and small intestines do in regards to glucose?
move glucose against it’s concentration gradient using the hydrolysis of ATP
Calcium is pumped out of cells into where?
the ER of striated muscle cells
Na+ is greatest ________ and K+ is greatest _______.
Na+ is greatest outside the cell and K+ is greatest inside the cell
Coupled transport (also referred to as secondary active transport) does what?
transports an ion down its concentration gradient while transporting another molecule against its concentration gradient, but does not use ATP
_________ is indirectly aquired by using the Na+/K+ pump
energy
If both molecules are moving in the same direction what type of transport is this called?
cotransport or symport
If both molecules are moving in opposite directions what type of transport is this called?
countertransport or antiport
The process of transporting digestion products across epithelium into blood is called?
absorption
What is transcellular transport?
materials moved through cytoplasm of epithelial cells
What is paracellular transport?
the diffusion and osmosis in tiny spaces between epithelial cells
What are the three different junctional complexes?
zonula occulens zonula adherens (adherens junctions) Macula adherens (desmosome)
zonula occulens are?
very tight protein strands that bind cytoskeleton together
zonula adherens (adheren junctions) are?
proteins glued together that spane both membranes
Macula adherens are?
buttoned together desomsomal proteins that interact with each other
The negatively charges molecules inside the cell (anions) attract?
positively charged cations
The inside of the cell has what type of charge compared to the outside?
more negatively charged
The magnitude of the difference in charge=potential charge is measured in?
volts
What is a membrane potential?
the extent to which each ion contributes to the potential difference across the membrane
What is the main determinant of membrane potential?
K+
What is the equilibrum potential of K+?
-90mv
What is the equilibrum potential of Na+?
+66mv
