Test 3 review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are the kind of bonds that are included in DNA ?

A

-DNA contains nitrogenous bases that can form hydrogen bonds
- DNA contains a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone that can participate in electrostatic interactions
-The nitrogenous bases in DNA are also aromatic and can stack with aromatic side chains of amino acids in a protein to generate attractive London dispersion forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to lysine residues that are acetylated?

A

When lysine residues are acetylated they are NO longer charged and normal DNA around histone protein are bound less tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are effects of tumor suppressor gene ?

A

it will Halt (stop) cell cycle from continuing
-will allow for DNA repair to occur
-or cell commit suicide (if damage too severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does protein production occur in the nervous system ?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does afferent neuron begin and end?

A

Afferent neuron begins in the periphery and ends in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Lab technique is used for secreted proteins in culture media, blood or extracellular space?

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno absorbent assay)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process that occurs in meiosis but NOT in mitosis

A

RECOMBINATION (only occurs in meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of spleen? What does it contain ?

A

The spleen is one of the major organs of the immune system. It is rich with lymphocytes, both B and T, and serves a major resource in the body’s natural defenses against pathogens, especially encapsulated bacteria
-spleen also removes old or damaged red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are red blood cells synthesized?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does Fetal Hemoglobin or normal Hemoglobin have higher affinity for carrying oxygen?

A

HBF (fetal hemoglobin) has greater affinity for carrying oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why doesn’t HbF (fetal Hemoglobin) sickle ?

A

because it does not contain Beta chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are fatty acids transported In blood during beta oxidation ?

A

Fatty acids are transported in the blood via binding to blood proteins like albumin. Once at the target tissue, they are activated, shuttled into the mitochondria and broken down via β-oxidation. This generates acetyl-CoA (via cleavage of the carbon backbone), as well as NADH and FADH2 (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes acidosis when using lactate ? what kind of acidosis occurs?

A

Lactate is the ionized/deprotonated form of lactic acid. Therefore, an acidosis is expected to develop. Since lactate is generated through a metabolic process (anaerobic respiration) and not a function of breathing rate, it is expected to cause a metabolic acidosis ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does alkalosis occur? When does metabolic alkalosis vs respiratory occur?

A

An alkalosis would result in increasing the pH of the blood
. If it is metabolic in origin, then there is an increased concentration of HCO3–, whereas if it is respiratory, then there is a decreased concentration of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis ?

A

A metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in HCO3– concentration, resulting in a comparatively higher than normal H+ concentration (low blood pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Hyperventilation do?

A

Hyperventilation causes a decrease in CO2 concentration. Remembering that CO2 is acid , hyperventilation creates a respiratory alkalosis.

17
Q

What are some characteristics about the virus HIV

A

HIV exhibits a lysogenic life cycle since it integrates into the host’s genome. I
- it is also a Retrovirus

18
Q

What is the role of enzyme integrates ?

A

-integration of viral DNA into the host’s DNA is mediated by the enzyme integrase,

19
Q

what is the function of protease? How does it affect viral replication ?

A

The protease enzyme is used to cut larger proteins into smaller functional proteins, such as gp160 into gp41 and gp120
Without these functional proteins, viral replication comes to a halt and of viral replication stops, then fewer helper T-cells will be infected

20
Q

What is role of reverse transcriptase ?

A

Reverse transcriptase will make DNA from an RNA template.

21
Q

What will be the result of new strand using reverse transcriptase ?

A

The resultant strand of DNA will be antiparallel and complementary to the template strand. T
therefore, the 3’ end of the template corresponds to the 5’ end of the newly synthesized strand.

22
Q

What happens to blood if there is a high salt intake?

A

High salt intake will increase the salinity of the blood which will draw water into circulation by osmosis, elevating the observed blood pressure

23
Q

What type of bone is bone marrow?

A

spongy bone

23
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

cartilage

24
Q

What is found in a region near concentric rings of bone?

A

Concentric rings surround the central circular region that contains blood or lymph vessels

25
Q

what are differences between bacteria and protists ?

A

Bacteria do NOT have organelles while protists exhibit the organelles typical of animal cells

26
Q

What are similarities between bacteria and protists ?

A

both forms of DNA are double-stranded (bacteria- circular ; protists- Linear DNA)
Bacteria are unicellular and protists typically are, as well
-both protists and bacteria often exhibit flagellar movement

27
Q

What type of enzyme is Lactase? What is its function ?

A

lactase is a Brush Border enzyme. lactose is hydrolyzed by lactase
Lactose is a found in dairy products. It is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose.

28
Q

How many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are made for each glucose molecule in glycolysis ?
how many inorganic phosphate molecules for each g3p?

A

For every glucose molecule, 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are produced.
-Every molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate requires ONE
molecule of Pi to be converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

29
Q

How are proteins synthesized? What reaction?

A

proteins are synthesized by the condensation of amino acids. Condensation involves dehydration.

30
Q

How does drug resistance develop in viruses ?

A

Drug resistance develops as mutant versions of the virus are produced and begin infecting new host cells. The change must be able to be passed on to viral progeny.

31
Q

What is the role of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6DPH)?
What is role of NADPH?

A

. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6DPH) catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, where NADPH is produced.

NADPH plays a major role in preventing damage due to oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species.

32
Q

what kind of molecules are benzoic acid and benzaldehyde?

A

Water-insoluble

33
Q
A