Test 3 review Flashcards
What are the kind of bonds that are included in DNA ?
-DNA contains nitrogenous bases that can form hydrogen bonds
- DNA contains a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone that can participate in electrostatic interactions
-The nitrogenous bases in DNA are also aromatic and can stack with aromatic side chains of amino acids in a protein to generate attractive London dispersion forces.
What happens to lysine residues that are acetylated?
When lysine residues are acetylated they are NO longer charged and normal DNA around histone protein are bound less tightly
what are effects of tumor suppressor gene ?
it will Halt (stop) cell cycle from continuing
-will allow for DNA repair to occur
-or cell commit suicide (if damage too severe)
where does protein production occur in the nervous system ?
Dorsal root ganglion
how does afferent neuron begin and end?
Afferent neuron begins in the periphery and ends in CNS
What Lab technique is used for secreted proteins in culture media, blood or extracellular space?
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno absorbent assay)
What is the process that occurs in meiosis but NOT in mitosis
RECOMBINATION (only occurs in meiosis)
What is the function of spleen? What does it contain ?
The spleen is one of the major organs of the immune system. It is rich with lymphocytes, both B and T, and serves a major resource in the body’s natural defenses against pathogens, especially encapsulated bacteria
-spleen also removes old or damaged red blood cells
where are red blood cells synthesized?
bone marrow
Does Fetal Hemoglobin or normal Hemoglobin have higher affinity for carrying oxygen?
HBF (fetal hemoglobin) has greater affinity for carrying oxygen
Why doesn’t HbF (fetal Hemoglobin) sickle ?
because it does not contain Beta chains
How are fatty acids transported In blood during beta oxidation ?
Fatty acids are transported in the blood via binding to blood proteins like albumin. Once at the target tissue, they are activated, shuttled into the mitochondria and broken down via β-oxidation. This generates acetyl-CoA (via cleavage of the carbon backbone), as well as NADH and FADH2 (
What causes acidosis when using lactate ? what kind of acidosis occurs?
Lactate is the ionized/deprotonated form of lactic acid. Therefore, an acidosis is expected to develop. Since lactate is generated through a metabolic process (anaerobic respiration) and not a function of breathing rate, it is expected to cause a metabolic acidosis ?
When does alkalosis occur? When does metabolic alkalosis vs respiratory occur?
An alkalosis would result in increasing the pH of the blood
. If it is metabolic in origin, then there is an increased concentration of HCO3–, whereas if it is respiratory, then there is a decreased concentration of CO2
What causes metabolic acidosis ?
A metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in HCO3– concentration, resulting in a comparatively higher than normal H+ concentration (low blood pH)
What does Hyperventilation do?
Hyperventilation causes a decrease in CO2 concentration. Remembering that CO2 is acid , hyperventilation creates a respiratory alkalosis.
What are some characteristics about the virus HIV
HIV exhibits a lysogenic life cycle since it integrates into the host’s genome. I
- it is also a Retrovirus
What is the role of enzyme integrates ?
-integration of viral DNA into the host’s DNA is mediated by the enzyme integrase,
what is the function of protease? How does it affect viral replication ?
The protease enzyme is used to cut larger proteins into smaller functional proteins, such as gp160 into gp41 and gp120
Without these functional proteins, viral replication comes to a halt and of viral replication stops, then fewer helper T-cells will be infected
What is role of reverse transcriptase ?
Reverse transcriptase will make DNA from an RNA template.
What will be the result of new strand using reverse transcriptase ?
The resultant strand of DNA will be antiparallel and complementary to the template strand. T
therefore, the 3’ end of the template corresponds to the 5’ end of the newly synthesized strand.
What happens to blood if there is a high salt intake?
High salt intake will increase the salinity of the blood which will draw water into circulation by osmosis, elevating the observed blood pressure
What type of bone is bone marrow?
spongy bone
Where are chondrocytes found?
cartilage
What is found in a region near concentric rings of bone?
Concentric rings surround the central circular region that contains blood or lymph vessels
what are differences between bacteria and protists ?
Bacteria do NOT have organelles while protists exhibit the organelles typical of animal cells
What are similarities between bacteria and protists ?
both forms of DNA are double-stranded (bacteria- circular ; protists- Linear DNA)
Bacteria are unicellular and protists typically are, as well
-both protists and bacteria often exhibit flagellar movement
What type of enzyme is Lactase? What is its function ?
lactase is a Brush Border enzyme. lactose is hydrolyzed by lactase
Lactose is a found in dairy products. It is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose.
How many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are made for each glucose molecule in glycolysis ?
how many inorganic phosphate molecules for each g3p?
For every glucose molecule, 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are produced.
-Every molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate requires ONE
molecule of Pi to be converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
How are proteins synthesized? What reaction?
proteins are synthesized by the condensation of amino acids. Condensation involves dehydration.
How does drug resistance develop in viruses ?
Drug resistance develops as mutant versions of the virus are produced and begin infecting new host cells. The change must be able to be passed on to viral progeny.
What is the role of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6DPH)?
What is role of NADPH?
. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6DPH) catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, where NADPH is produced.
NADPH plays a major role in preventing damage due to oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species.
what kind of molecules are benzoic acid and benzaldehyde?
Water-insoluble
