Renal system and Digestion

Question 1

What are the components of filtrate produced by nephron ?

Answer 1

Glucose, water and amino acids

Question 2

What part of nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier ?

Answer 2

Loop of Henle

Question 3

Angiotensin II acts as a vasoconstrictor to increase blood pressure in the short term, but it also triggers the release of what hormone to perpetuate this effect?

Answer 3

ALDOSTERONE

Question 4

How does bile work to aid in fat digestion

Answer 4

it has Amphiphatic structure (polar head and non polar tail)

Question 5

What is the role of liver ?

Answer 5

produce bile and eliminate and hydrophobic waste

Question 6

What do the excretory organs eliminate ?

Answer 6

• colon: eliminate SOLID waste (material eaten, NOT absorbed in blood)
  -Liver: eliminates HYDROPHOBIC waste
  Kidney : eliminates HYDROPHILLIC waste (material that is eaten and absorbed into blood)

Question 7

What are the excretory organs?

Answer 7

colon, liver and kidney

Question 8

where does most digestion take place ?

Answer 8

SMALL INTESTINE

Question 9

How is the release of solid and liquid waste regulated ?

Answer 9

By a pair of sphincters (one internal composed of smooth muscle, one external composed of skeletal muscle)

Question 10

what is oncotic pressure ?

Answer 10

oncotic pressure: the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma.

Question 11

What happens if there is a drop in oncotic pressure due to having more protein in urine

Answer 11

A drop of oncotic pressure (due to more protein in urine) leads to fluid accumulation in the tissue (cause swelling)

Question 12

What happens to blood if there is more protein in urine?

Answer 12

more protein in urine, leads to LESS protein in blood

Question 13

where does glucose stay in nephron ? Does it stay in urine normally?

Answer 13

Glucose normally is in filtrate (glomerulus) however it is usually reabsorbed and does not stay in urine?

Question 14

what is role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) ?

Answer 14

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 15

what is the effect of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 15

ACE inhibitor can help treat hypertension b/c it can prevent vasoconstriction and prevent aldosterone release which further leads to no sodium reabsorption

Question 16

What is an epitope ?

Answer 16

Epitope: the small site on the antigen that the antibody recognize

Question 17

What is the role of glomerulus ?

Answer 17

FILTRATION

Question 18

What is the role of mouth in digestion ?

Answer 18

Grinding food and mechanically digesting it.

Question 19

What type of reaction do lipases perform ?

Answer 19

Ester Hydrolysis : produce free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 20

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria ? Howe does this affect their ability to perform oxidative phosphorylation ?

Answer 20

NO, prokaryotic cells DO NOT contain mitochondria, however they do have electron transport chain machinery in their plasma membrane and are therefore capable of performing oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

Question 21

What kind of cells are colonic bacteria ? What are their properties ?

Answer 21

The colonic bacteria are prokaryotic cells; they have one double stranded DNA chromosome that is not wrapped around histones

Question 22

What is the role of parietal cells?

Answer 22

Parietal cells secrete HCl (acid) in stomach and also secrete gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

Question 23

What is the role of chief cells ?

Answer 23

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen

Question 24

What do all bacteria have ?

Answer 24

All bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 25

What makes eukaryote flagella special ?

Answer 25

only eukaryotes have flagella with 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement

Question 26

What are the layers for anatomical structure of alimentary canal (from inside lumen to external layer)

Answer 26

Epithelium (mucosa) , submucosa (wraps around epithelium) , smooth muscle, serosa (external part)

Question 27

What is the role of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) ?

Answer 27

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine. This decreases urine volume.

The reabsorption of water increases the extracellular fluid volume

Question 28

During filtration , which molecules will be left in blood (or plasma) and which will be in filtrate ?

Answer 28

Only large proteins (like immunoglobulins) and cells are retained in the bloodstream;
smaller molecules like glucose and amino acids, and all ions, are filtered into the nephron tubule

Question 29

When does ADH get released ? What is the result?

Answer 29

ADH is released when the extracellular osmolarity is HIGH, in other words, under conditions of Dehydration
This results in low urine output

Question 30

What happens if osmolality of medulla is Reduced ? How is plasma osmolality affected ?

Answer 30

If the osmolality of the medulla was reduced, LESS water would be drawn out of the collecting ducts and the urine would be less concentrated than normal
.Because less water is being reabsorbed, the plasma osmolality would RISE

Question 31

How would a Severe hemorrhage affect osmolarity of extracellular fluids and urine output ?

Answer 31

A severe hemorrhage would DECREASE the volume of the extracellular fluid.
-Due to the reduced blood volume, blood flow through the kidneys would be reduced, leading to a reduction in filtration and in urine output

Question 32

What causes an increase in renin secretion ?

Answer 32

A DROP in blood pressure

Question 33

What is a diuretic ?

Answer 33

A diuretic is a substance that increases water loss in the urine.

Question 34

What happens when blood pressure becomes low ? how does Renin become involved?

Answer 34

when blood pressure is LOW, renin would be released to trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This would increase blood pressure by increasing angiotensin II and sodium reabsorption.

Question 35

What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ?

Answer 35

Atrial natriuretic peptide acts to DECREASE blood pressure.