Renal system and Digestion Flashcards
What are the components of filtrate produced by nephron ?
Glucose, water and amino acids
What part of nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier ?
Loop of Henle
Angiotensin II acts as a vasoconstrictor to increase blood pressure in the short term, but it also triggers the release of what hormone to perpetuate this effect?
ALDOSTERONE
How does bile work to aid in fat digestion
it has Amphiphatic structure (polar head and non polar tail)
What is the role of liver ?
produce bile and eliminate and hydrophobic waste
What do the excretory organs eliminate ?
- colon: eliminate SOLID waste (material eaten, NOT absorbed in blood)
-Liver: eliminates HYDROPHOBIC waste
Kidney : eliminates HYDROPHILLIC waste (material that is eaten and absorbed into blood)
What are the excretory organs?
colon, liver and kidney
where does most digestion take place ?
SMALL INTESTINE
How is the release of solid and liquid waste regulated ?
By a pair of sphincters (one internal composed of smooth muscle, one external composed of skeletal muscle)
what is oncotic pressure ?
oncotic pressure: the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma.
What happens if there is a drop in oncotic pressure due to having more protein in urine
A drop of oncotic pressure (due to more protein in urine) leads to fluid accumulation in the tissue (cause swelling)
What happens to blood if there is more protein in urine?
more protein in urine, leads to LESS protein in blood
where does glucose stay in nephron ? Does it stay in urine normally?
Glucose normally is in filtrate (glomerulus) however it is usually reabsorbed and does not stay in urine?
what is role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) ?
ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
what is the effect of ACE inhibitors?
ACE inhibitor can help treat hypertension b/c it can prevent vasoconstriction and prevent aldosterone release which further leads to no sodium reabsorption
What is an epitope ?
Epitope: the small site on the antigen that the antibody recognize
What is the role of glomerulus ?
FILTRATION
What is the role of mouth in digestion ?
Grinding food and mechanically digesting it.
What type of reaction do lipases perform ?
Ester Hydrolysis : produce free fatty acids and glycerol
Do prokaryotes have mitochondria ? Howe does this affect their ability to perform oxidative phosphorylation ?
NO, prokaryotic cells DO NOT contain mitochondria, however they do have electron transport chain machinery in their plasma membrane and are therefore capable of performing oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
What kind of cells are colonic bacteria ? What are their properties ?
The colonic bacteria are prokaryotic cells; they have one double stranded DNA chromosome that is not wrapped around histones
What is the role of parietal cells?
Parietal cells secrete HCl (acid) in stomach and also secrete gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12
What is the role of chief cells ?
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
What do all bacteria have ?
All bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall
What makes eukaryote flagella special ?
only eukaryotes have flagella with 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement
What are the layers for anatomical structure of alimentary canal (from inside lumen to external layer)
Epithelium (mucosa) , submucosa (wraps around epithelium) , smooth muscle, serosa (external part)
What is the role of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) ?
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine. This decreases urine volume.
The reabsorption of water increases the extracellular fluid volume
During filtration , which molecules will be left in blood (or plasma) and which will be in filtrate ?
Only large proteins (like immunoglobulins) and cells are retained in the bloodstream;
smaller molecules like glucose and amino acids, and all ions, are filtered into the nephron tubule
When does ADH get released ? What is the result?
ADH is released when the extracellular osmolarity is HIGH, in other words, under conditions of Dehydration
This results in low urine output
What happens if osmolality of medulla is Reduced ? How is plasma osmolality affected ?
If the osmolality of the medulla was reduced, LESS water would be drawn out of the collecting ducts and the urine would be less concentrated than normal
.Because less water is being reabsorbed, the plasma osmolality would RISE
How would a Severe hemorrhage affect osmolarity of extracellular fluids and urine output ?
A severe hemorrhage would DECREASE the volume of the extracellular fluid.
-Due to the reduced blood volume, blood flow through the kidneys would be reduced, leading to a reduction in filtration and in urine output
What causes an increase in renin secretion ?
A DROP in blood pressure
What is a diuretic ?
A diuretic is a substance that increases water loss in the urine.
What happens when blood pressure becomes low ? how does Renin become involved?
when blood pressure is LOW, renin would be released to trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This would increase blood pressure by increasing angiotensin II and sodium reabsorption.
What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ?
Atrial natriuretic peptide acts to DECREASE blood pressure.
