Nervous System Flashcards
Which neurotransmitter is used to conduct autonomic nervous system responses ?
ACETYLCHOLINE
What area of the brain is primarily responsible for regulation of endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
when is a neuron in its relative refractory period ?
During hyper polarization
How does myelin increase the efficiency within which an action potential is conducted in a neuron ?
it decreases the surface area to be depolarized
Describe the structure inside a membrane bilayer
The inside of a membrane bilayer is made up of the long hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipids and is highly hydrophobic
What happens to cell if K + ions exit cell and Cl- ions enter?
With K+ ions exiting the cell and Cl– ions entering, the cell will become HYPERPOLARIZED (membrane potential more negative than resting potential)
What is the function of paracrine signaling ?
Paracrine function is defined as one cell releasing a signal that will affect other, nearby cells
What are the physical symptoms of a person having a panic attack?
physical manifestations of a panic attack are the result of uninhibited overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system hence, Sympathetic stimulation leads to :
-bronchodilation
-decreased oral secretions
-vasoconstriction of skin vessels
- pupil DILATION
(ex: a breathing deeply, dry mouth, pale person is seen when they have panic attack)
What is the function of ACH inhibitor ?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
inhibit the enzyme that breaks down ACh, and allow the effects of ACh to last longer.
What does the frequency of oscillation (In hearing) depend on ?
The frequency of oscillation depends on the PITCH (frequency of the sound wave);
Describe the relationship between pitch (frequency waves) and wave energy
higher frequency waves (higher pitched sounds) have higher energy.
a decrease in wave energy means a decrease in frequency and a lower pitched sound.
what are mechanoreceptors ? Give examples
mechanoreceptors : fire action potentials when their shape changes in some way due to a mechanical disturbance.
ex: Pacinian corpuscles are also mechanoreceptors, firing when they are pushed on and their shape is distorted
- Golgi tendon organs are also mechanoreceptors, firing when there is an increase in tension (stretch) on a tendon
Discuss the relationship between wave speed of sound and gases, liquids. What happens to speed of sound as it moves from outer ear to cochlea?
sound travels Slowest in Air, faster in liquids, and fastest in Solids.
Since the sound wave is moving from air (in the outer ear) to liquid (in the cochlea), its speed will increase
Discuss how compression affects wave speed of sound?
the less compressible a medium, the faster sound travels through it. Gases are more compressible than liquids. hence sound wave will travel slower in air
Discuss the relationship between speed of sound and wavelength and frequency
The speed of a sound wave is related to the frequency and wavelength of the wave by the equation: v = fλ, where v is the speed of sound, f is the frequency of sound and λ is the wavelength of the wave
