Test 2 review Flashcards
When can you use Hardy Weinberg equation ?
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can only be used to describe the frequencies of autosomal recessive or dominant traits or conditions, (not changes in chromosome number)
ex: trisomies are not autosomal recessive conditions, the Hardy-Weinberg equation cannot be used,
What occurs in trunks arteriosus?
Truncus arteriosus, which presents as a common arterial trunk coming off both the left and right ventricles. This allows for mixing of blood from the left and right circulations. Since the right circulation is relatively high in carbon dioxide and the left circulation is relatively low in carbon dioxide, the resultant mix will be somewhere between
- the right circulation that is typically low in oxygen will mix with the left circulation that is typically higher in oxygen, so the overall aortic arterial oxygen saturation will be less than normal
What are small hydrophobic hormones and how do they enter cell
Steroid hormones like testosterone and aldosterone are small and hydrophobic
-they diffuse through plasma membrane and enter nucleus to regulate transcription
What are large hydrophilic molecules ? How do they enter cells
peptide hormones like insulin, glucagon and ACTH are large and hydrophobic
They use cell surface receptors to transduce signals to cell (cannot enter the cell directly )
What is the role of aldosterone ? Which enzyme synthesizes mRNA?
Aldosterone binds to aldosterone receptors to regulate transcription of a specific set of genes.
The enzyme that synthesizes mRNA is RNA polymerase II (enzyme most directly affected by aldosterone receptor)
What is a substrate?
Substrate- molecule which an enzyme acts on
What happens to an enzyme in extreme temperatures ?
The enzyme will become denatured and rendered inactive
What happens to atmospheric pressure at high altitudes like on a mountain?
Atmospheric pressure on a mountain several kilometers in altitude would be LESS than at sea level
which form of an amino acid does not predominate at any pH?
UNCHARGED Form
What is the role of fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate?
Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate has reciprocal control on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
-Fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate sitmulates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase
What happens to diaphragm during inspiration (breathing in air) ? How are lungs affected?
During inspiration, the diaphragm will contract and flatten causing chest cavity to expand.
-The lungs will also expand, leading to decrease in alveolar pressure (air moves into lungs)
Differentiate between agonist and and antagonist
agonist is a drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor. Whereas an antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor either on primary or another site and does reverse of normal function of receptor
What happens when there is an autodestruction of pancreas? How is blood concentration affected ?
Autodestruction of pancreas: islets of Langheran cells are destroyed which secrete insulin and glucagon.
After eating high carb meal serum glucose concentration should rise, but due to absence of insulin, the serum glucose concentration will remain high
How are probes used for Northen and Southern Blots ?
The probe must be single-stranded DNA or RNA if it is going to hybridize or bind to the chromosomes (which are denatured first and should be covalently linked to the fluorescent molecule
What is the function of aldosterone? What would happen if there is a loss of aldosterone
aldosterone increases potassium secretion and also increases sodium reabsorption
- The increased Na+ reabsorption leads to increased water reabsorption, thereby increasing the blood volume
(hence a The loss of aldosterone would cause water and sodium loss, decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure. In response to decreased blood pressure, renin secretion would increas
