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1 B > Test 3: Psych 230 > Flashcards

Test 3: Psych 230 Flashcards

1
Q

What case is used to highlight issues with eyewitness testimony confidence?

A

The case of Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton.

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2
Q

How does eyewitness confidence typically change over time?

A

It often increases, but confidence is not stable.

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3
Q

Which is more predictive of accuracy: initial or later confidence?

A

Initial confidence.

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4
Q

What type of cases typically rely on children’s testimony?

A

Cases of sexual abuse.

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5
Q

Why is children’s testimony critical in these cases?

A

They are often the only eyewitnesses.

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6
Q

Why is sex with children considered socially reprehensible?

A

It violates their ability to freely choose and participate.

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7
Q

What is the age of consent in Canada?

A

16, with an allowance for partners up to two years younger.

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8
Q

Why can’t children “choose” to engage in sexual acts with adults?

A

They are not capable of giving voluntary, informed consent.

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9
Q

What analogy highlights the risks of sexual acts with children, even if no immediate harm occurs?

A

Driving on the wrong side of the road—risky behavior increases the chance of harm.

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10
Q

What did the study by Stephen, Ceci, and Bruck (1993) find about children’s ability to create false memories?

A

58% of children produced false stories that fooled investigators.

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11
Q

Can persistent memories still be false?

A

Yes, both false and real memories can feel real.

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12
Q

What are the two sources of error regarding memories of sexual violence?

A
  1. Rejecting a true incident as false.
  2. Accepting a false incident as true.
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13
Q

What is “The Courage to Heal” and what does it discuss?

A

A book by Bass & Davis (1988) addressing denial and repression of child sexual abuse.

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14
Q

What symptoms are common in victims of child sexual abuse?

A

Shame, powerlessness, unworthiness, perfectionism, and deficient goals.

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15
Q

What techniques can produce false memories?

A

Visualization, hypnosis, and strong suggestions from authority figures.

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16
Q

Why are memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs unreliable?

A

They are prone to distortion and fabrication.

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17
Q

What did Williams (1995) find about forgetting abuse?

A

Forgetting abuse, including by perpetrators, happens.

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18
Q

How reliable are memories from before the age of 3?

A

Especially unreliable.

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19
Q

What can be distressing, whether true or false?

A

Both real and false memories.

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20
Q

What are the two types of information processing in a trial?

A

Central and peripheral processing.

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21
Q

Why is trustworthiness important in a trial?

A

Trust is the foundation of relationships; without it, nothing is believable.

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22
Q

What are the basic qualifications to be on a jury in Canada?

A
  • Must be a Canadian citizen
  • 18+
  • no criminal convictions
  • not have served on a jury in the past 3 years
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23
Q

What are some professions typically excluded from jury duty?

A
  • Law enforcement
  • legal professionals
  • emergency services
  • professors
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24
Q

What are the characteristics of desirable jurors?

A
  • Representative of the population
  • impartial
  • serious about the task
  • open-minded
  • able to understand court proceedings.
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25
Q

What is general prejudice?

A

Stereotyping or discriminating against outgroups.

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26
Q

What is normative prejudice?

A

The tendency to conform to community norms, resulting in pressure to agree with the majority in the jury room.

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27
Q

What is specific prejudice?

A

Bias specific to the case, e.g., a juror with personal experience related to the crime.

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28
Q

What is interest prejudice?

A

When a juror has a personal stake in the trial’s outcome.

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29
Q

How do “death-qualified” jurors typically differ from others?

A
  • favor crime control
  • are more supportive of the prosecution
  • less supportive of protecting defendant rights.
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30
Q

How can group values impact a trial? (Rodney King case)

A

Jurors with shared conservative, pro-law, and order values can bias the trial outcome, influencing their interpretation of evidence.

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31
Q

What is majority influence in a jury?

A

Conformity to the majority opinion, with little room for independent dissent.

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32
Q

How does authority influence work in a jury?

A

Higher-status, more verbal jurors can dominate discussions and sway opinions.

33
Q

What is minority influence?

A

When a minority opinion gains focus, potentially leading others to change their stance.

34
Q

Why is moving to an acquittal more likely than to a guilty verdict?

A

Convictions require certainty, while acquittals allow for reasonable doubt.

35
Q

What is group polarization?

A

The tendency for a group to shift towards a more extreme version of the majority’s initial opinion.

36
Q

What is groupthink?

A

a psychological and sociological phenomenon in which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions

37
Q

What are the consequences of groupthink?

A
  • Conformity pressure
  • illusion of unanimity
  • rationalization of flawed decisions.
38
Q

What are the goals of retribution in sentencing?

A

To make the offender “pay” for their crime, focusing on values like security and power.

39
Q

What is denunciation in sentencing?

A

Sending a message to the community about the unacceptability of certain behaviors.

40
Q

What is the goal of deterrence?

A

To prevent others from committing similar offenses by demonstrating consequences.

41
Q

What is incapacitation?

A

Removing offenders from society to prevent further harm.

42
Q

What is reparation?

A

Making amends for harm done, often through compensation or restitution.

43
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

Helping offenders become contributing members of society.

44
Q

What is restoration in sentencing?

A

Repairing harm and rebuilding relationships within the community.

45
Q

What is dominance and power as a sentencing goal?

A

Punishing offenders to assert control and make them suffer beyond retribution.

46
Q

How do offender characteristics impact sentencing?

A

Factors like prior experiences, ability to control actions, and taking responsibility influence sentencing.

47
Q

What role does age play as a mitigating factor?

A

Younger or older offenders might receive more lenient sentences due to a sense of reduced responsibility

48
Q

How do victim characteristics affect sentencing?

A

Greater impact (e.g., victim is a child or disabled), use of violence, or breach of trust often leads to harsher sentences.

49
Q

What did the Castellow et al. (1990) study examine?

A

The influence of attractiveness on judgments of guilt in a sexual harassment case.

50
Q

What were the results of Castellow et al. (1990)?

A

An attractive man assaulting an unattractive woman was deemed less believable due to societal biases about appearance.

51
Q

How can narrative influence sentencing judgments?

A

If a case’s storyline aligns or conflicts with jurors’ biases (e.g., attractiveness), it can affect perceived credibility and verdicts.

52
Q

Why is memory unreliable for specific details?

A

Details can fade or become distorted over time, especially under stress or poor conditions like bad lighting.

53
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

Encoding: Witness processes and stores event details (e.g., faces, actions).

Storage: Memory is kept for future use but may degrade or become distorted.

Retrieval: Memory is recalled, but errors can occur at this stage.

54
Q

What are common problems during encoding?

A
  • Lack of focus (e.g., due to stress, intoxication, or fatigue).
  • Vivid events are more memorable, but attention to detail is hard in stressful situations.
55
Q

What storage issues affect memory?

A
  • Memory integrates with prior knowledge or external information.
  • Details may be altered to fit narratives or expectations.
  • Interaction with others can modify stored memories.
56
Q

What are challenges during retrieval?

A
  • Accurate recall requires cues (e.g., returning to the crime scene).
  • State-dependent memory: easier to recall in a similar state of mind.
  • Confidence in memory increases if others validate the narrative.
57
Q

What did Loftus’s “Misinformation Effect” study demonstrate?

A

Eyewitness memory can be altered by misleading information, like suggesting a stop sign was a yield sign.

58
Q

What did the Gary Wells study reveal about eyewitness reliability?

A

A confident eyewitness identified an innocent man under poor viewing conditions, leading to wrongful conviction.

59
Q

Why is eyewitness memory not a “photographic record”?

A

Memory is selective and reconstructive, often filling in gaps to fit a logical narrative.

60
Q

Why are eyewitnesses considered persuasive in court?

A

Jurors tend to trust confident eyewitnesses, even if discredited, due to the belief that “some evidence is better than none.”

61
Q

Why are lineups and face recognition error-prone?

A

Stress, poor conditions, and suggestive procedures can lead to misidentifications.

62
Q

What is the legal system’s misconception about memory?

A

It overestimates the reliability and accuracy of eyewitness memory.

63
Q

peripheral processing

A
  • taking in information unconsciously
  • the less we are aware of the info we are processing, the more it influences us and impacts our neuro-systems
64
Q

central processing

A
  • taking in information consciously
  • taking it in and choosing to evaluate it
65
Q

when judging a persons testimony they assessing CREDIBILITY by:

A
  • believability
  • accuracy
  • trustworthiness
  • honesty
66
Q

aspects jurors use peripheral processing to judge

A
  • appearance
  • physical attractiveness
  • similarity
67
Q

biases used by jurors when judging multiple accounts

A
  • overemphasis of vivid/ emotional events
  • misattributing causation
  • misunderstanding randomness
  • illusory correlation
  • attributing motivation + intention
  • fundamental attribution error
  • anchoring / perseverance effect
68
Q

Why do lawyers carefully prepare their questions and language?

A

To lead to the desired outcome by structuring information strategically.

69
Q

What type of language do successful defense lawyers use?

A

Abstract language and legal jargon.

70
Q

Why does using abstract language and legal jargon help defense lawyers?

A

It makes them appear more knowledgeable and competent.

71
Q

What communication style helps prosecution lawyers win cases?

A

Speaking longer and using aggressive statements.

72
Q

Why is this style effective for prosecution lawyers?

A

It demonstrates dominance and conveys confidence in the “truth.”

73
Q

How does letting witnesses testify in a narrative style impact the jury?

A

It enhances the witness’s credibility by making the testimony feel more natural and emotionally impactful.

74
Q

Why are emotion-inducing questions effective?

A

They evoke stronger emotions, which can sway the jury more effectively.

75
Q

What is the issue with judges instructing jurors to “disregard evidence”?

A

It can backfire, as jurors are more likely to focus on the evidence once told to ignore it.

76
Q

Why does instructing jurors to disregard evidence often fail?

A

Jurors perceive the evidence as important since the judge highlighted it, making it more memorable.

77
Q

Why do jurors struggle to follow judges’ instructions?

A

The instructions often contain complex legal jargon.

78
Q

How effective are jurors at understanding judge’s instructions?

A

Only about one-third can accurately paraphrase them.

79
Q

Why do jurors struggle with statistical evidence?

A

They often lack the skills to interpret numbers and require visual aids to comprehend the data.

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