SDS 150R - TEST 2 Flashcards
factors that influence theory of mind
- Language and verbal reasoning
- Cognitive skills and abilities
- Make believe play
- Social interaction
Theory of mind
- Set of ideas about mental activities
- Explain other people’s beliefs, desires, and behavior
- Metacognition (thinking about thought)
Family relationships
- Most important factor of early childhood development
- Preschoolers are more active and struggle with independence
- Parenting young children involves new functions and tasks
Parenting styles (Maccoby and Martin)
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- permissive
- Uninvolved
Uninvolved
lower on demands and control, lower on warmth and acceptance, unavailable emotionally, behavioral problems, struggle with relationships, neglect, omission
Permissive
- high warmth and acceptance
- low on demand and control
- more indulgent parenting style
- child does their own thing
- parents don’t have many demands
- have issues socially
- don’t know how to handle conflict
Authoritarian
- high on demand and control
- lower on warmth and acceptance
- high on rules
- rules are more important than warmth and communication
- lower self esteem and less well in school
- struggle with social relationships
Authoritative
- the ideal parenting style
- higher demand and control
- higher expectations
- high on warmth and acceptance
- higher on communication,
- majority of parents
- best outcome, higher self esteem,more confident, better academics
Effects of ethnicity and SES on parenting
- Parenting depends on cultural context
- No cultural background is directly related to negative outcomes
- good parents occurs across all SES
- lower SES experience more risk factors
Types of play (Parten)
- Solitary play
- Parallel play
- Associative play
- Cooperative play
Associative play
brief, short lived, spontaneous interactions with other kids, sharing toys
Cooperative Play
2 or more children are working together to accomplish some type of goal, real genuine type of play, taking turns, playing games, common goal between parties playing
Parallel
by 1 year we see 2 or more children playing with toys along side but not together, no interaction, may be watching the others kids
solitary play
non-social, no concern
Benefits of friends during childhood
- Physical development: practicing fine motor development
- Cognitive development: theory of mind, how we understand someone’s perspective
- Social development: being able to have friends, solving problems, regulating emotions
concept of gender segregation (friend groups)
- Avoiding the other gender
- Begins with shared activity preferences
- Nature of friendships
- Cross cultural patterns
Girl Groups
- More competitive between strangers than friends
- More compliance and more agreement
- Pair’s or smaller exclusive groups
- Indoors or near home
Boy groups
- More competitive between friends than strangers
- Dominance hierarchy
- Larger gorups and more accepting of newcomers
- Outdoors and larger area
changing nature of aggression
- temperament
- media
- family
Adverse childhood experience’s
- ACE’s
- childhood stressors
- maltreatment to traumatic events
Resiliency
- psychological strength
- capacity of individual to continue normal development
Protective Factors (Werner)
- child
- community
- family
Imaginary audience and personal fable
- distorted self-images
- imaginary audience: adolescents’ tendency to believe that others are always watching
- personal fable: refers to the belief that the self is unique, invulnerable, omnipotent
Storms and stress theory (Hall)
- Negative stereotype of adolescence
- Psyche in disequilibrium
- Acting on urges from within
- Symptoms are brief and benign
- Absence of symptoms is reason for concern
Identity vs confusion (Erikson)
- Task: achieve personal identity
- Knowing who you are
- What you value
- The directions you choose to pursue
- Negative outcomes: role confusion, difficulty with intimacy
Emerging Generation (Bibby and Posterski)
- Period of emergence
- Ambiguity
- Contempt towards authority
Positive Psychology (seligman)
- study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive
- People want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives
- Cultivate what is best within themselves
- Enhance their experience of love, work , play
- Emphasizes strengths and resilient qualities
- Focus on personal growth, life satisfaction and well-being
Puberty
is regulated by hormonal process
Primary and secondary characteristics
- signs of sexuality
- Primary sexual characteristics: internal=reproductive organs, menarche(girls) and spermarche (boys)
- Secondary sexual characteristics: most visible on outside, difference and similarities for both sexes
Brain development
2 major growth spurts
Age 13-15:
- Cerebral cortex thickens and neurons more efficient
- Think abstractly
Age 17-20s
- Frontal lobe developing
- Logic and planning
conflict with parents
- Most families do experience conflict
- Mid-adolescence
- Significant difficulties are rare
- Influenced by parenting styles
- Eventually conflict decreases
Child-parent relationships (adolescence)
2 competing tasks for teenagers
- Establish autonomy
- Maintain relationship
what is mental health?
- ability to fulfill goals and potential
- cope with stress and sadness
- enjoy life
- enjoy sense of connection with others
things that are more in control
- food
- sleep
- excercie
out of control things that impact mental health
- life
- health care
- biology
- environment
conventional beliefs vs what research tells us
kids do well if that want to vs kids doo well if they can
it’s about will vs its about skill
demographic changes related to delayed adulthood
Increased need for post-secondary education + Acceptance of premarital sex and cohabitation + Marriage and parenthood delayed to 20s or early 30s
= delayed adulthood
characteristics of emerging adulthood (Arnett)
- semi autonomous
- perceived lacking adult status
- identity exploration
Semi-autonomous
- Movie in and out of parents home
- Few financially independent
Perceived lacking adult status
Do not feel they meet criteria for adulthood
Identity exploration
- Love
- Work
- World views
Identify Formation (marcia)
- Identity achievement
- Moratorium
- Foreclosure
- Identity diffusion
Identity achievement
high crisis, high commitment
Moratorium
low commitment, high crisis
Foreclosure
low crisis, high commitment
Identity diffusion
low crisis, low commitment
