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1 B > PSYCH 230 > Flashcards

PSYCH 230 Flashcards

1
Q

What advantage does the evolution of language provide humans?

A

It allows us to learn and teach, facilitating the development of a legal system.

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2
Q

How does social coordination contribute to the legal system?

A

It enables humans to work together to establish and maintain laws.

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3
Q

What capacity do humans have regarding well-being?

A

We can prioritize our well-being and consider it before others.

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4
Q

How do humans typically behave in social contexts?

A

We maximize prosocial cooperation and minimize antisocial competition.

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5
Q

What are the three systems that comprise the legal framework?

A

Laws, enforcement, and sanctions.

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6
Q

What must we understand to effectively navigate the legal system?

A

How people think, feel, behave, and how we relate to each other.

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7
Q

What disciplines contribute to our understanding of the legal system?

A

Various disciplines, particularly psychology, along with its subdisciplines.

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8
Q

What are the major divisions in psychology related to the legal system?

A
  • Understanding +gathering information= (basic research)
  • intervention+gathering informtion= (testing and assessment)
  • understanding+promte change= (applied research)
  • intervention+promote change=(treatment)
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9
Q

How does the legal system rely on precedent?

A

It relies on past cases for consistency in decision-making.

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10
Q

What is the main focus of research psychology compared to the legal system?

A

Research psychology emphasizes innovation and creativity, while the legal system is authoritative and hierarchical.

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11
Q

What method does the legal system use to arrive at “truth”?

A

An adversarial method.

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12
Q

What is the approach of research psychology in determining “truth”?

A

An experimental method.

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13
Q

What type of evidence does the legal system often rely on?

A

Evidence based on the appearance of certainty.

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14
Q

How do goals differ between the legal system and psychology?

A

The legal system aims for consistency in specific situations, while psychology aims to understand before acting.

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15
Q

What is the principle of respect for human dignity?

A

Acknowledging the inherent worth of individuals, including understanding the risks involved in certain contexts.

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16
Q

What does free and informed consent entail?

A

Participants should feel they want to participate and must know and agree to the conditions of the study.

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17
Q

Why is it important to respect vulnerable persons in research?

A

Vulnerability varies by situation, and special care must be taken to protect these individuals.

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17
Q

What does respect for privacy and confidentiality mean in research?

A

Protecting participants’ personal information and ensuring their data is kept confidential.

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18
Q

How do researchers balance harms and benefits?

A

By evaluating if the discomfort caused to participants is worth the potential knowledge gained.

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19
Q

What assumption underlies scientific inquiry?

A

The belief that the world is orderly and that we can determine cause-and-effect relationships.

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20
Q

What is the goal of scientific research?

A

To understand phenomena in order to predict or control them.

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21
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The degree to which an experiment accurately reflects the true relationship between variables.

22
Q

What are threats to internal validity?

A

Bias introduced by researchers or participants that can affect results.

23
Q

What constitutes researcher bias?

A

Leading questions, selective data collection, and vested interests in confirming hypotheses.

24
Q

What is participant bias?

A

Bias arising from participants’ motivations or memory issues, often due to self-selection.

25
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which research results can be generalized to other populations, environments, or conditions.

26
Q

What are some threats to external validity?

A

Inappropriate generalizations, reverse causation, and ignoring multiple causality.

27
Q

What is one threat to validity related to chance?

A

The possibility that results may be due to random luck rather than actual effects.

28
Q

How do researchers deal with chance in results?

A

By using statistics to evaluate the likelihood that results are due to chance and emphasizing replication.

29
Q

What is Schwartz’s (1992) values theory?

A

A framework for identifying core motives that drive human behavior.

30
Q

How are values defined in Schwartz’s theory?

A

Values are trans-situational goals that vary in importance and serve as guiding principles.

31
Q

Are values stable or changeable?

A

Values are not stable; they can change over time.

32
Q

What process is used to develop values according to Schwartz?

A

A bottom-up process, starting with known concepts and expanding outward.

33
Q

What are the categories of values identified by Schwartz?

A

Open to change, self-transcendent, self-enhancing, and conservation.

34
Q

How does conservation relate to the law?

A

It emphasizes openness to change while seeking justice and relying on legal precedents.

35
Q

What legal system does Canada use?

A

Canada employs a common law system, interpreting statutes according to precedent.

36
Q

What is the traditional focus of the law in relation to society?

A

The law traditionally focuses on the well-being of the group, or society as a whole.

37
Q

What document supports individual rights in Canada?

A

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

38
Q

How do values like self-enhancement and self-transcendence interact in the legal system?

A

They reflect the tension between individual interests and the greater good in legal decision-making.

39
Q

What does the sociological theory of offending focus on?

A

It emphasizes structural influences, including the impact of deprived culturally valued rules and sub-cultures.

40
Q

What is a key concept in control theories within sociology?

A

People tend to act in self-serving and entitled ways.

41
Q

How is IQ related to crime in biological theories?

A

Certain IQ levels may be associated with criminal behavior, though it doesn’t predict offending.

42
Q

What hormonal factor is considered in biological theories of offending?

A

High testosterone levels may be linked to aggressive behavior.

43
Q

How does low serotonin affect behavior according to neurological theories?

A

Low serotonin can lead to negative moods and an increased likelihood of engaging in bad behaviors.

44
Q

Q: What does psychological theory suggest about behavior?

A

Behavior is learned through conditioning and modeling, influenced by various personality factors.

45
Q

What is the significance of empathy in psychological theories of offending?

A

Low empathy can lead to a lack of understanding of the consequences of one’s actions.

46
Q

What are physiological precursors in the integrative model of offending?

A

Factors like temperament, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and empathic deficiency that influence behavior.

47
Q

What environmental factors influence offending behavior?

A

Family environment, peer relationships, achievement failures, and social labeling can all play a role.

48
Q

What psychological dispositions are related to offending?

A

Insecure attachment, impulsivity, lower empathy, and deficient problem-solving abilities.

49
Q

What types of proximal emotions can increase offending?

A

Excitatory emotions like anger, envy, and greed can enhance self-prioritizing behavior.

50
Q

What emotions inhibit offending behavior?

A

Emotions like guilt and fear can reduce self-prioritizing and enhance empathy.

51
Q

What beliefs about self are associated with offending behavior?

A

Feelings of entitlement, superiority, and relative deprivation.

52
Q

What proximal motivations lead to criminal behavior?

A

Defensive goals to eliminate threats and appetitive goals to maximize personal gains.

53
Q

How do goals related to criminal behavior typically manifest?

A

They are often self-enhancing rather than self-transcendent.

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