SDS 131R: vobac Flashcards
Political Ideologies
a set of beliefs that forms the basis of how an individual, a group, or a social class views the world and the proper role of government
3 components of political ideologies
descriptive, motivational, passionate belief
scientific revolution
- Scientific discovery, empirical study, shift away from religious teachings
- Shift away from religious teachings
- A shift toward empirical study
Reformation
- sale of indulgences
- Catholic church and monarchy reinforce each other
Liberty
- focuses on the rights of individuals and the specific roles of the state
constitutionalism
a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behaviour elaborating
the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law
equality vs equity
- equality: state of being equal
- equity: giving people what they need
ascribed vs achieved status
- ascribed: social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life
- achieved: social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit and is earned or chosen
night watchman state
- to maintain order
state of nature
before social contract, before settled agriculture
laws of nature
- given by god
- intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior
Locke’s conception of property
- state of nature there are communal lands
- make a property by attaching labour power to goods
3 types of limitations to property
labour limitation, spoilage limitation, sufficiency limitation
labour limitation
- labour power can be owned (women and slaves)
- limits to physical body
spoilage limitation
- goes against god, we shouldn’t let things spoil
- says ok for economic inequality
- perfectly fine to accumulate wealth
sufficiency limitation
- goes against laws of nature, people must have equality of opportunity
- justifies colonialism with reasons of gods
- exchanging is fine
express vs tacit consent
express: a man’s consent to make himselfsubject to the laws of government
Tacit: consent is given by a man when he owns land, or even merely resides, within the boundaries of a state
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
comparative advantage
promotes that you are good at as a country and sell it another in a open global marketplace, don’t allow for monopolies
enlightenment
freedom of thought
tutelage
being told what to think
social contract
- agreement between individuals and government
- 3 key social contract theorists: hobbs, locke, rousseau
negative vs positive liberty
negative: freedom from interference by others
positive: ability to fulfill one’s purposes
the “good life”
a life that is self-satisfying and self-fulfilling
social justice
Creating egalitarian society or institution based on principles of equality and solidarity, that understand values human rights and recognize the dignity of every human being
harm principle
harm is physical harm
tyranny of the majority
a situation in which a group of people are treated unfairly because their situation is different from the situation of most of the people in a democratic country.
living wage
amount of money that covers basic living costs
welfare state
industrial capitalist society in which state power was deliberately used in an effort to modify the play of market forces
equality of opportunity
the idea that people ought to be able to compete on equal terms, or on a “level playing field,” for advantaged offices and positions
rights-based liberlsim
which political and social arrangements can embody recognition of individuals equally as agents is to treat those individuals equally as bearers of rights.
utility based liberalism
golden age of controlled capitalism
- more widespread policies
- welfare state
Bretton woods institution
- IMF, WB, WTO
- rooted in reform liberalism
- switched to neoliberalism
Britain as the “workshop of the world”
- linked to colonialism
Keynesian welfare state
- defining welfare state
- minimum income
- regulating capitalism
3 types of welfare state activities
- provision of minimum income
- provision for the reduction of economic insecurity, resulting from such “contingencies” as sickness, old age, and unemployment
- provision to all members of society of a range of social services
privatization
- governmental agencies
- public enterprises
deregulation
reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry
IMF, WB, WTO
IMF: International Monetary Fund
WB: world bank
WTO: the world trade organization
meritocracy
a system, organization, or society in which people earn their position
globalization
the process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
libertarianism
- advocates for individual liberty esp freedom to thought and action
- want minimal government
- want more freedom
free rider problem
- human nature to be free rider
rational utility maximizer
- people who form groups
- people acting in group-oriented ways to benefit from it
- ex. study groups
entitlement theory
being able to keep what you earn
ex. no public transporttion
non-aggression principle
- negative liberty
self-ownership
emphasize individualism
hierarchy of help model
the self, family, community, then government
dialectical approach
thesis the central arguments, anthesis is the counter-arguments, something new approaches from this
Bourgeoisie
business owners
proletariate
worker
Petite bourgeoisie
small business owner
Lumpenproletariat
- outside of the capitalistic system
- making money outside of the capitalistic system
- aka “dregs”
- ex. drug dealers, sex workers
Means of production
means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products
surplus value
- profits
- The surplus produced over and above what is required to survive
reserve army of labour
group of people who move in and out of employment
class consciousness
awareness of common class position
false consciouness
being told what to believe
4 types of alienation
alienation of product, process, from others, species being
intelligentsia
people who give you the blueprint, those who analyze, marx
emancipation
Political emancipation vs human emancipation
economic determinism
claims that society is based upon an economic system in which the various agents of social control are determined by the economic mode of production
immiseration of the proletariat
- has stalled the violent uprising
- expects too much from the proletariat
