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1 B > psych > Flashcards

psych Flashcards

1
Q

Independent self-construal

A

Self is defined: separate from others, autonomous, focus is on individuality and uniqueness

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2
Q

correlational research

A
  • the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
  • Variables can be positively correlated or negatively correlated
  • Correlations tell us how they are related (variables)
  • Correlation is not causation
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3
Q

correlational research

A
  • the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
  • Variables can be positively correlated or negatively correlated
  • Correlations tell us how they are related (variables)
  • Correlation is not causation
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4
Q

internal validity

A
  • extent to which research yields clear causal info
  • Higher in experimental research
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5
Q

working self-concept

A

Situations may activate different aspects of self-concepts
- social context (agentic vs communal)
- social identity (group membership)

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6
Q

introspection

A
  • looking inward and examining our own thoughts, feelings and motives
  • reliable
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7
Q

Reflected appraisals

A
  • Seeing how other people see us
  • People counting on u
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8
Q

implicit egotism

A

Influences major life decision
- where people live
- what people do for a living
- whom they marry

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9
Q

impact bias

A

overestimating impact of emotion-causing events

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10
Q

Negative events

A

immune neglect (include strategies for rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma)

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11
Q

Positive events

A

focal event fades out, replaced with daily hassles

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12
Q

Above average effect

A

people see themselves as better than average on positive dimensions

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13
Q

Bottom-up

A

people have self-esteem because they observe that they are smart and liked

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14
Q

Top-down

A

people believe they are smart and liked because they have high self-esteem

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15
Q

channel of communication

A

personal and media

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16
Q

Positive correlation

A

as value x increases the values of y increases

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17
Q

Negative correlation

A

as the value x increases the value of y decreases

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18
Q

experimental research

A
  • Manipulating some factor to see its effect on another
  • Overcome shortcomings of correlational designs because can infer causation with experiments
    2 essential features required
  • manipulation of the independent variable
  • random assignment to conditioner
  • manipulating it overcomes the reverse directionality problem
  • random assignment overcomes the third variable problem by distributing all other variables equally
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19
Q

external validity

A
  • Extent to which results generalize beyond current sample, setting
  • Higher in correlational research
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20
Q

Interdependent self-construal

A

The self is defined: connected to others, behavior, thoughts, traits, harmonious relationships are essential

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21
Q

self-serving bias

A
  • self-serving cognitions
  • self-handicapping
  • downward social comparison
  • temporal comparisons
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22
Q

self-serving cognitions

A
  • Take credit for success and blame others for failure
  • Internal attribution for success
  • Failures are external attributions
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23
Q

self-handicapping

A
  • Make excuses for future performances
  • Behaviors that sabotage performance, providing and excuse for failure
  • Lack of effort, illness, procrastination
  • Protects SE with failure and enhances SE with success
  • Increases risk of failure
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24
Q

Downward social comparison

A
  • Making comparisons with worse others
  • Negative tests feedback feels ok if someone else did worse than you
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25
Q

Temporal Comparisons

A
  • Subjective experience of time
  • Comparing yourself from a different time
  • Being able to recall the better memory closer compared to bad memory
  • Distancing yourself from negative to make yourself feel good about current self
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26
Q

Priming

A
  • Unattended stimuli can subtly influence how we later perceive, judge, and behave
  • Participants exposed to aging related words (walked more slowly)
  • Participants exposed to warm drink (rated another person as more interpersonally warm)
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27
Q

Heuristics

A
  • “Mental shortcuts” used in judgment and decision making
  • Useful for living in complex social world (may lead to faulty beliefs and suboptimal decisions)
  • 2 kinds: representativeness and availability
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28
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A
  • Estimate the likelihood of the event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds
  • People are insensitive to base rate frequencies (determining whether a person resembles a typical member of group)
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29
Q

Availability Heuristics

A
  • Based on belief: ease with which evidence or examples come to mind is a measure of how common it is
  • How easy is it to come up with an example
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30
Q

Egocentric bias

A

tendency to assume one contributed more than ones fair share to joint task

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31
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  • Tendency to overlook impact of situation and attribute someone’s actions to his dispositions
  • Making “internal” attribution for other peoples behaviors
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32
Q

Attribution theory

A
  • 2 general causes of behavior: external (situation) vs internal (personal)
33
Q

internal attribution

A

behavior caused by inter factors (personality, attitudes, motives)

34
Q

external attribution

A

person’s behavior is caused by situational factors

35
Q

Kelley’s covariation model

A

3 pieces of info
- consensus
- distinctiveness
- consistency

36
Q

consensus

A

general agreement

37
Q

distinctiveness

A

reacting to certain stimuli or other ones as well

38
Q

consistency

A

looking at the past for patterns

39
Q

perceptual salience

A

Tend to believe that what we focus on must be important

40
Q

confirmation biases

A
  • Seek, interpret, and create info that verifies existing beliefs
  • We interpret ambiguous events in ways that confirm existing beliefs
  • whether they are true or not
41
Q

Self-fulling prophecies and prejudice

A

Prejudice can create self-fulfilling prophecy

42
Q

self-regulation

A

Adapting one’s behavior, emotions, and cognitions to meet a goal

43
Q

lay beliefs

A

common sense explanation of things

44
Q

fixed mindset

A

you’re either good or not, can’t change much, would belief that self control is a limited resource

45
Q

growth mindset

A

can improve with practice and effort, can change, is not energy being drained its a muscle being exercised

46
Q

grit

A

Passion and sustained persistence applied toward long term goals

47
Q

2 types of motivation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

48
Q

intrinsic

A

internal drives that motivate us to behave in certain ways, core values, our interests (ex. Affiliation, personal development)

49
Q

extrinsic

A

a drive to behave in certain ways that comes from external sources and results in external rewards (ex. Wealth, fame, attractiveness)

50
Q

3 basic psychological needs

A

competence, autonomy, relatedness,

51
Q

autonomy

A

need to control the course of their lives

52
Q

Competence

A

need to be effective in dealing with environment

53
Q

Relatedness

A

need to have close, affectionate relationships with others
Too many rewards can undercut intrinsic motivation

54
Q

Approach motivation

A

behavior is direct by +/desirable event of portability (towards rewards)

55
Q

Avoidance motivation

A

behavior is direct by a -/undesirable event or possibility (away from threats)

56
Q

Affective sources

A

Affective sources

57
Q

evaluative conditioning

A
  • association with positive and negative events
  • Change in liking, which occurs due to association with positive or negative stimulus
58
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated contact increases liking

59
Q

Moral hypocrisy:

A

disconnected between what they say and what they do

60
Q

self-presentation theory

A

Behave a certain way to make a good impression on others, and then express attitude that match those actions

61
Q

Experience cognitive dissonance

A

Tension that arises when there is a discrepancy between one’s attitudes and behavior

62
Q

When does behavior predict attitudes?

A
  • Self presentation theory
  • Cognitive dissonance theory
  • Self perception theory
63
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

Tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with larger request

64
Q

2 routes to persuasion

A

central and peripheral

65
Q

central

A
  • thoughtful consideration of argument
  • facts/ideas
  • consideration of pros/cons
  • analytical and motivated
66
Q

Peripheral

A
  • based on cues
  • attractive people
  • not analytical or invovled
67
Q

big discrepancy

A
  • buy everything organic
  • works best if it is a credible source
    Eg. message from food science professor
68
Q

small discrepancy

A

works if it is not a very credible source
Eg. message from another consumer

69
Q

one-sided appeal

A

If audience already agrees with message, and will not find out the cons, a one-sided appeal is best

70
Q

2 sided appeal

A

address “cons” too

71
Q

primacy

A

Information presented early has more influence

72
Q

Recency

A

Information presented last can sometimes overwrite information that came first

73
Q

Six Persuasion Principles

A

authority, liking, social proof, reciprocity, consistency, scarcity

74
Q

authority

A

people defer to credible experts

75
Q

liking

A

people respond more affirmatively to those they like

76
Q

special proof

A

people allow the exmaple of others to validate how to think, feel, and act

77
Q

reciprocity

A

people feel obligated to repay in kind what they’ve received

78
Q

consistency

A

people to tend to honor their public commitments

79
Q

scarcity

A

people prize whats scarce

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