psych Flashcards
Independent self-construal
Self is defined: separate from others, autonomous, focus is on individuality and uniqueness
correlational research
- the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
- Variables can be positively correlated or negatively correlated
- Correlations tell us how they are related (variables)
- Correlation is not causation
correlational research
- the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
- Variables can be positively correlated or negatively correlated
- Correlations tell us how they are related (variables)
- Correlation is not causation
internal validity
- extent to which research yields clear causal info
- Higher in experimental research
working self-concept
Situations may activate different aspects of self-concepts
- social context (agentic vs communal)
- social identity (group membership)
introspection
- looking inward and examining our own thoughts, feelings and motives
- reliable
Reflected appraisals
- Seeing how other people see us
- People counting on u
implicit egotism
Influences major life decision
- where people live
- what people do for a living
- whom they marry
impact bias
overestimating impact of emotion-causing events
Negative events
immune neglect (include strategies for rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma)
Positive events
focal event fades out, replaced with daily hassles
Above average effect
people see themselves as better than average on positive dimensions
Bottom-up
people have self-esteem because they observe that they are smart and liked
Top-down
people believe they are smart and liked because they have high self-esteem
channel of communication
personal and media
Positive correlation
as value x increases the values of y increases
Negative correlation
as the value x increases the value of y decreases
experimental research
- Manipulating some factor to see its effect on another
- Overcome shortcomings of correlational designs because can infer causation with experiments
2 essential features required - manipulation of the independent variable
- random assignment to conditioner
- manipulating it overcomes the reverse directionality problem
- random assignment overcomes the third variable problem by distributing all other variables equally
external validity
- Extent to which results generalize beyond current sample, setting
- Higher in correlational research
Interdependent self-construal
The self is defined: connected to others, behavior, thoughts, traits, harmonious relationships are essential
self-serving bias
- self-serving cognitions
- self-handicapping
- downward social comparison
- temporal comparisons
self-serving cognitions
- Take credit for success and blame others for failure
- Internal attribution for success
- Failures are external attributions
self-handicapping
- Make excuses for future performances
- Behaviors that sabotage performance, providing and excuse for failure
- Lack of effort, illness, procrastination
- Protects SE with failure and enhances SE with success
- Increases risk of failure
Downward social comparison
- Making comparisons with worse others
- Negative tests feedback feels ok if someone else did worse than you