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Anatomy And Physiology > Test 3 Info > Flashcards

Test 3 Info Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is under ______ control of the nervous system

A

involuntary

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2
Q

Single unit muscle cells contract _____.

A

together

in unison

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3
Q

Thin filaments in smooth muscle cells contain the proteins ______ (2)

A

Actin

Tropomyosin

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4
Q

Caveolae

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane

Increase the surface area of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle

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5
Q

Dense plaque

A

Points where intermediate filaments are anchored to the inner surface of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle

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6
Q

Varicosity

A

A vesicle (bead) that stores norepinepherine at the terminal branches of ganglionic sympathetic neurons

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7
Q

The z discs that anchor the sarcomere on either end in skeletal muscle are ____ from smooth muscle cells

A

absent

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8
Q

Do smooth muscle cells have transverse tubules?

A

No

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9
Q

Smooth muscle cells have a single, centrally located

A

nuleus

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10
Q

Examples of locations for smooth muscle:

A

1) In the wall of the small intestine
2) Around blood vessels
3) In the wall of the uterus

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11
Q

In smooth muscle, thin filaments are attached to ____ by elements of the cytoskeleton

A

dense bodies

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12
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is ___, resistant to ___ and usually sustained for ______ periods of time.

A

slow
fatigue
extended

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13
Q

Locations for multiunit smooth muscle:

A

1) Arrector pili muscles

2) Iris of the eye

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14
Q

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has small invaginations called ____

A

caveolae

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15
Q

During contration of smooth muscle, ____ binds to calcium and activates myosin light chain kinase

A

calmodulin

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16
Q

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle involves a calcium-binding protein called _____

A

calmodulin

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17
Q

Autonomic motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction have bulbous swellings called ____ that contain synaptic vesicles.

A

varicosities

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18
Q

Ohm’s Law

A 
Voltage = Current * Resistance
Current = Voltage/Resistance
Resistance = Current/Voltage
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19
Q

_____ occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the resting membrane potential

A

Depolarization

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20
Q

What 2 things must happen in order for a chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron?

A

1) Change in # of open ion channels

2) Change in ion flow across the membrane

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21
Q

Compare properties of neuron to electrical currents:

1) Charged particles
2) Voltage
3) Resistance
4) Current

A

1) Ions
2) Membrane potential
3) Plasma membrane
4) Flow of ions through ion channels

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22
Q

The opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as ____

A

resistance

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23
Q

Voltage is a measure of relative _____ _____.

A

Potential energy

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24
Q

2 basic causes of the development of the resting membrane potential

A

1) Na+ leak channels

2) K+ leak channels

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25
Q

The resting membrane potential is measured in _____

A

millivolts (mV)

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26
Q

In the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the ___ ___

A

threshold value

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27
Q

Current

A

Movement of charged particles

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28
Q

What channels open and in what order do they open to develop an action potential?

A

1) Voltage gated Na+

2) Voltage gated K+

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29
Q

What type of channels are essential for the generation of an action potential?

A

Voltage gated channels

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30
Q

Graded potential

A

Temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can vary in size

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31
Q

Opening of what 2 types of channels would likely lead to hyperpolarization of a neuron?

A

1) voltage gated potassium channel

2) chemically gated chloride channel

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32
Q

What 2 things would follow after threshold voltage is reached due to sodium ions entering through a voltage gated Na+ channel?

A

1) Membrane potential would reverse (become positive)

2) More voltage gated sodium channels would open

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33
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV

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34
Q

What is a central function of neuron physiology?

A

Creating electrical current

Transmitting electrical current

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35
Q

3 Cranial meninges (from deepest to superficial)

A

1) Pia mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Dura mater

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36
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles through the midbrain

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37
Q

Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

1) Environmental stability
2) Buoyancy
3) Protection

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38
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

.

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39
Q

Cavities within the brain are called

A

ventricles

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40
Q

Which of the meninges is the strongest?

A

Dura mater

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41
Q

The fourth ventricle merges with the ___ ___ in the spinal cord

A

central canal

42
Q

There are ____ ventricles in the brain

A

4

43
Q

There are ___ lateral ventricles

A

2

First and second ventricles are lateral

44
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membranes that SURROUND, STABILIZE and PARTITION parts of the brain

45
Q

The lateral ventricles communicate with the ____ ventricle through an opening called the ____ foramen

A

third

interventricular

46
Q

What 3 substances can pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

1) some anesthetics
2) nicotine
3) alcohol

47
Q

____ bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS

A

Ceribrospinal fluid (CSF)

48
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Keeps the neurons in the brain from being exposed to

1) variations in levels of ions and hormones
2) drugs
3) waste products in the bloos

49
Q

CSF circulates in

A

1) the ventricles

2) subarachnoid space

50
Q

CSF is produced by secretion of a fluid from

A

Ependymal cells

51
Q

Gray matter is

A

Nonmyelinated

Cell bodies

52
Q

White matter is

A

Myelinated

Axons

53
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12 PAIRS

54
Q

The 4 Major Regions of the Brain

A

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephon
3) Brainstem
4) Cerebellum

55
Q

Cerebrum

A

Divided into LEFT and RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

56
Q

5 Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

1) Frontal lobe
2) Temporal lobe
3) Occipital lobe
4) Parietal lobe
5) Insula lobe

57
Q

Gyrus

A

Hump of a brain fold

On either side of suci

58
Q

Sulcus

A

SHALLOW depressions of brain folds

Between gyri

59
Q

Fissure

A

DEEP groove in brain

60
Q

3 Important Sulci

A

1) Lateral sulcus
2) Central sulcus
3) Parieto-occipital sulcus

61
Q

Example of a fissure and where it is located

A

Longitudinal fissure

Between R/L hemispheres

62
Q

Location of Lateral Sulcus

A

Between TEMPORAL lobe (below) and FRONTAL/PARIETAL lobes (above)
Relatively horizontal

63
Q

Location of Central Sulcus

A

Between FRONTAL lobe and PARIETAL lobe

Relatively verticle

64
Q

Location of Perieto-occipital Sulcus

A

Between PARIETAL and OCCIPITAL lobes

65
Q

Insula lobe

A

INSIDE brain

66
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

67
Q

Center

A

Group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function

68
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of AXONS extending through the PNS

69
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Network of nerves

70
Q

Tract

A

CNS AXON bundle in which the axons have similar function and share a common origin and destination

71
Q

Funiculus

A

Group of TRACTS in a specific area of the spinal cord

72
Q

Pathway

A

Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and sytems

73
Q

Functions of the cerebrum

A

Seat of intelligence

1) Information processing
2) Language
3) Personality
4) Conscience

74
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

1) Coordinate motor activities

75
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Epithalamus

76
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Processing and relay center

77
Q

Functions of the Hypotalamus

A

Homeostasis

1) Body temperature
2) Food and water intake
3) Sleep and circadian rhythms
4) Emotional responses
5) Memory

78
Q

Parts of Epithalamus

A

1) Pineal gland

2) Habenula

79
Q

Function of Pineal gland

A

Endocrine organ (hormones)

80
Q

Function of Habanula

A

Relay center

81
Q

3 Parts of the Brainstem

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla Oblongata

82
Q

Function of the Midbrain

A

(part of brainstem)

1) Visual reflexes
2) Auditory reflexes

83
Q

Function of the Pons

A

(part of brainstem)

1) Contains ascending and descending fiber tracts
2) Where cerebellar hemispheres are attached

84
Q

Function of the Medulla Oblongata

A

(part of brainstem)

1) ALL nerve fibers going between brain and spinal cord pass through
2) Nuclei for Respiration
3) Nuclei for Blood pressure
4) Nuclei for Heartbeat

85
Q

3 Sensory Cranial Nerves

A

1) Olfactory (I)
2) Optic (II)
3) Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

86
Q

5 Motor Cranial Nerves

A

1) Oculomotor (III)
2) Trochlear (IV)
3) Abducens (VI)
4) Accessory (XI)
5) Hypoglossal (XII)

87
Q

4 Mixed Cranial Nerves

A

1) Trigeminal (V)
2) Facial (VII)
3) Glossopharyngeal (IX)
4) Vagus (X)

88
Q

12 Cranial Nerves in order

A

1) Olfactory (on)
2) Optic (our)
3) Oculomotor (oak)
4) Trochlear (tree)
5) Trigeminal (Thomas)
6) Abducens (accidentally)
7) Facial (forgot)
8) Vestibulocochlear (valuable)
9) Glossopharyngeal (gold)
10) Vagus (very)
11) Aaccessory (absentminded of)
12) Hypoglossal (him)

89
Q

12 Cranial Nerve mnemonic

A 
On
Our 
Oak 
Tree
Thomas
Accidentally
Forgot
Valuable 
Gold
Very
Absentminded of
Him
90
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

I - On
Type SENSORY
Function SMELL

91
Q

Optic Nerve

A

II - Our
Type SENSORY
Function VISION

92
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A 
# III - Oak
Type MOTOR
Functions 
1) Eyeball movement
2) Raise upper eyelid
3) Pupil constriction
4) Visual focusing
93
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

IV - Tree
Type MOTOR
Function EYEBALL MOVEMENT (lateral and inferior)

94
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A 
# V - Thomas
Type MIXED
Functions
1) Sensory nerve for face
2) CHEWING
95
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

VI - Accidentally
Type MOTOR
Function EYEBALL MOVEMENT (lateral)

96
Q

Facial Nerve

A 
#VII - Forgot
Type MIXED
Functions
1) Taste
2) Facial expression
3) Control lacrimal (tears) glands
4) Control salivary (saliva) glands
97
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A 
# VIII - Valuable
Type SENSORY
Functions
1) Hearing
2) Equilibrium
98
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A 
# IX - Gold
Type MIXED
Functions
1) Taste
2) Swallowing
3) Control salivary glands
4) Regulate respiration/blood pressure due to sensory association w/ receptor in neck
99
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

X - Very

Type MIXED
Functions
1) Sensory signals from motor signals to pharynx, diaphragm, cardiac & smooth muscles

100
Q

Accessory Nerve

A 
#XI - Absentminded of
Type MOTOR
Functions 
1) Swallowing
2) Sternocleidomastoid & Trapezius muscles
101
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

XII - Him

Type MOTOR
Function TOUNGE MOVEMENTS

Anatomy And Physiology (9 decks)

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