Test 3. chapters 9,10,11,12 LOL Flashcards
What is the one type of fish that is not a vertebrate?
Hagfish
What is the feeding apparatus of a hagfish?
2 dental plates and a rasping tongue with horny denticles ….
Denticles: serrations. like a steak knife bitch
Hagfish
Scavengers/ predators Bottom dwellers (benthic) "slime eels" Lack jaws Lack vertebrae Lack paired fins and scales Skeleton made of cartilage
big limp dick energy
What do Hagfish do for defense?
Produce gelatinous fluids…..
Feeding apparatus of lampreys
Oral disk with a rasping tongue covered in denticles
Characteristics of jawed fish
- Most have paired fins (pectoral and pelvic fins)
- Scales
What are the two groups of jawed fishes?
Cartilaginous fish: skeleton made of cartilage (eg. sharks)
Bony fishes: bony skeleton plus a protective covering over the gills (operculum) and moveable fins (eg. salmon)
Cartilaginous fishes
eg. Sharks, Skates, Rays, Chimaeras.
- skeleton of cartilage
- process jaws and paired fins
- PLACOID scales cover skin
Sharks
- Top predator (key stone species)
- excellent swimmer (heterocercal tail)
- males have (claspers)
- ventral mouth with rows of teeth
- exploited for meat, fins, oil, leather, cartilage :(
Similarities of Skates and Rays
- Enlarged pectoral fins
- No anal fin
- Reduced dorsal and caudal fins
- Adapted to bottom dwelling.
- Gill slits on ventral side
- Eyes and spiracles on top of the head
- Specialized teeth from crushing
annette ENRAGES me. there easy to remember
Special skates and rays
Electric rays ………electric organs
Sting rays …………..venomous barbs RIP Steve Irwin
Sawfishes……………series of barbs
Differences between skates and rays
RAYS
- long thin tail
- 1 lobed pelvic fin
- Flap pectoral fins to swim
- ovoviviparous
SKATES
- fleshy tail with 2 small dorsal fins
- 2 lobed pelvic fin
- wiggle wave pectoral fins to swim
- oviparous
Salmon life cycle
1) Egg
2) Alevin
3) Fry
4) Fingerling/parr
5) Smolt
6) Adult
Elephants are fairly fucking smart animals
Salmon life cycle “Egg phase”
- Female salmon digs a nest called a “redd” in freshwater gravel.
- After eggs are laid a male will fertilize them.
- They hatch in spring.
Salmon life cycle “Alevin phase”
- Tiny alevins life in the gravel while they absorb their yolk sac.
Salmon life cycle “Fry phase”
- Finish absorbing their yolk sac they leave the gravel and feed on tiny aquatic insects.
Salmon life cycle “Fingerling/parr phase”
- Scales and working fins
Salmon life cycle “Smolt phase”
- Young salmon that migrate directly to the ocean
(eg. Pink and Chum salmon)
NOT KING, COHO, and SOCKEYE..they stay in freshwater for 1-3 years before migrating to the ocean.
What colour are Chum, Coho, Pink and King salmon before entering back into freshwater as adults?
Silver
How many years do Chum, Coho and King salmon spend in the ocean before entering back into freshwater?
3-5 years
How many years do Pink salmon spend in the ocean before entering back into fresh water?
2 years
How do fish migrate?
Sun, magnetic fields, currents, temperature gradients and food supply to find their “natal stream”.
Use odor to navigate upstream.
Natal stream: Native stream. Some adult fish will return “home” to were they were born to reproduce.
Anadromous
Fish that are born in freshwater then spend most of their life in saltwater just to return back to freshwater to spawn.
(eg. salmon)
Catadromous
Freshwater eels. Are born in sea water then spend most of their lives in fresh water then travel back to seawater to spawn.
Fish schooling
- Increases food finding abilities
- Predators cant focus on an individual fish
3 reproductive modes of marine fish
- Oviparity
- Ovoviviparity
- Viviparity
Oviparity
Female animals that lay eggs with little to no embryonic development within their mother .
Most fish and amphibians.
Ovoviviparity
ovoviveparous animals possess embryos that develop inside eggs that remain in the mothers body until they are ready to hatch.
Viviparity
Giving birth to developed live, young individuals.
Adaptation for avoid predations (marine fishes)
- Camouflage
- Inflate body
- Escape (water, air)
- Hide
- Mucus cocoon
- Sharp pines
- Venom
How do ray-finned fish digest their food?
Pyloric caeca: storage, fermentation, digestion.
How do cartilaginous fish digest food.
Spiral valve: Corkscrew shaped portion of the lower intestines.
(eg. Sharks)
Are all cartilaginous fish herbivores, detrivores, omnivores or carnivores?
Carnivores
Gill rakers
Found on filter feeding fish.
Bone or cartilaginous processes that project from the brachial arch (gill arch) and are involved in suspension feeding of tiny prey.
Vision of marine fish
- No eyelids
- Most have Monocular vision : both eyes are used separately
- Shallow water species can perceive colour.
No More School
Lateral line system
System of tactile sensory organs that serves to detect movement, vibration, and pressure changes of the surrounding water.
All fish have a lateral line system.
Lines run along the fishes body and head.
VMP = MVP = most valuable player
Where are the olfactory (smell) receptors located on marine fishes (sharks and some ray finned fishes)?
Olfactory pits in front of the mouth
Where are the taste receptors located on marine fishes?
Surface of the head, jaws, tongue, mouth and barbels.
Barbels: fleshy whisker like things (eg. catfish)
Buoyancy regulation in ray-finned fish
Swim bladder: a gas filled sac that the fish can regulate. Add more gas in it while descending and decrease gas amount while ascending.
Keep the balance between the pressure and the buoyancy.
Buoyancy regulation in cartilaginous fish.
- Cartilage weighs less than bone.
- Squalene: buoyant oil produced by large livers.
- Constantly swimming.
- Large pectoral fins provide lift.
Crack smoking cock licker
Osmoregulation
Process of maintaining salt and water water (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.
Osmoregulation in ray-finned fish
Hypo-osmotic: water flows into cells and the swell.
Lose water by osmosis
Drink salt water—–Excrete excess salt via gills.
Osmoregulation in cartilaginous fish
Iso-osmotic or hyperosmotic : iso=equal. hyper=water flows out cells shrink.
Gain water by osmosis
High levels of N-compound (eg.urea) in body.
Large amounts of weak urine
Salt enters with food and in gills—–salt excreted via rectal gland
Fish respiration
Gills extract O2 and eliminate CO2
Water must continuously be moving past the gills for the blood to get oxygenated.
Ray-finned fish osmoregulation pathway through the fish.
1) Fish drinks salt water
2) Fish gains salts through diffusion of the skin/scales
3) Fish loses water by osmosis
4) Salt gets excreted through the gills
5) Kidneys have small or no glomeruli (its like a sieve), so not alot gets filtered
6) Small volume of isotonic urine is produced
Cartilaginous fish osmoregulation pathway through the fish.
1) Salt water gets swallowed along with food
2) Salt gets diffused into the fish through the gills
3) Fish gains water by osmosis
4) Kidneys have large glomeruli so lots of absorption of urea
5) Excess salt gets excreted through the rectal glands
6) Large volume of hypotonic urine is produced
What are the Median fins and what do they do?
1 or more dorsal fins/ caudal fins and usually an anal fin
Help maintain stability while swimming
What are paired fins and what do they do?
Consist of pectoral and pelvic fins.
Used for steering
Types of caudal fins?
Homocercal: Tail fin is the same on top as it is the bottom
Heterocercal: Upper part of the tail fin is larger than the bottom part
Types of scales in marine fish
Cycloid: (salmon, carp other bony fish) smooth-edged scales that overlap for greater flexibility. round.
Ctenoid: (bony fish, bass) have spines or rigid scales that overlap. round.
Placoid: (sharks and rays/cartilaginous fish) like pointed teeth covered in enamel. diamond.
Characteristic of lobe-finned fishes
Thick fleshy fins with bony support
Have gills and lung-like sacs
(eg. Coelacanths and lungfishes)
Characteristics of ray-finned fishes
Fins are supported by thin rays (like fans)
Gas filled swim bladder
(eg. salmon, herring, cod, tuna)
Chimaeras
(eg. ratfish, rabbitfish) Large heads and pointed tails. Gills covered with operculum. Have flat plates for crushing prey. Scale-less (for the most part). Bottom dwellers.
Love Guys Having Squishy Booties
Fish coloration and patterning
Counter-shading: Dark on top so things looking down have a harder time seeing it. Light on the bottom so things looking up have a harder time seeing it. against the bright ocean surface (eg. sharks)
Disruptive coloration: High contrast patterns disrupt the outline of the animal (eg. leopard, zebra, Dory?)
Cryptic coloration/camouflage: Help it blend in with its background.
Poster colors: mating, reproductive advantage (e.g. peacock)
Warning coloration: How animals let other animals know that they should fuck off and not bother them cuz they dangerous.
What is an Amniotic Egg?
birds, reptiles and mammals have amniotic egg.
covered by a protective shell in OVIPAROUS (egg laying) species
first evolved in reptile-terrestrial adaptation.
eggs can be played on land.
where are the salt glands in marine crocodiles?
salt glands are on their tongue.
What are some fun facts about crocodiles?
- largest living reptiles
- feed on mainly fishes
- salt glands on tongues
- live along shore, where they nest
- have good navigation skills
- and are good parents (they keep their babies in their mouths when they are young)
how many species of sea turtles are there?
7 globally.
3 things about the shells of sea turtles… annddd… go
- protective shells fused to skeleton (vertebrate and ribs are fused to shell), carapace was evolved from fusion of ribs.
- outter layer is composed of keratin
- inner layer composed of bone (mostly lacking in leather backs; they have more keratin)
What are Sea Turtles Adaptations to life at sea?
- shell is light, flattened, streamlined.
- fatty deposits and spongy bones to add buoyancy
- fromt limbs are modified into large flippers
- back limbs are used for steering and digging nests
- salt glands above the eyes
where are the salt glands in sea turtles
above their eyes
What kinds of creatures have fat deposits to help with buoyancy?
turtles, sharks, zooplankton, and phytoplankon
What are some things about tutle migration?
- they migrate hundreds to thousands of km.
- females return to NATAL beaches to nest (the beach where they were born)
- ** environmental sex determination is common** ( their sex will be determined by things like temperature of the eggs and stuff) [not biologically determined]
how do turtle hatchlings know to move towards the water?
because of the oceans bright reflection.
what are some ways that sea turtles are in danger?
- beach erosion / alteration that effects the nesting areas
- artificial lighting near nesting beaches lure the turtles in the wrong direction from the ocean.
- sea turtles killed when trapped in fishing nets
- hunted by humans
- dogs, cats, raccoons, and humans dig up nests and prey on eggs.
- plastic bags mistaken for jelly fish
Where are the salt glands located for Marine Iguanas?
in their nostrils. – they sneeze to get the salt out. his is why their faces and backs are sometimes covered in white (its the salt they sneeze)
the only marine lizard in the world live where?
the Galapagos Islands
What are some fun facts about marine iguanas?
- good swimmers and divers
- feeds on algae
- Ectotherms
- they have behavioural thermal regulations (if too cold they lay in sun, if too warm they find shade)
What about the sea snakes? tell me about em.
- descendants of lizards
- main diet is fish and fish eggs.
- males have tiny reminance of legs, its like a little bone that sticks out and attaches to the female when mating.
- mostly (ovo)-viviparous (eggs are hatched inside of body)
- can be all three kinds of … egg laying? / some are live birth, some lay eggs.. idk
What are the sea snakes adaptations to life at sea?
- scales reduced or absent - allows for better movement; skin absorbs oxygen and excretes 02
- have a laterally compressed tail – allow for more power when swimming
- nostrils with valves (can close off their nostrils with valves)
- gas exchange through skin (in addition to lungs)
- salt glands under tongue
where are the salt glands in sea snakes?
under their tongues
What are some fun facts about sea birds?
- 250 species live near or in the sea. (not all of them have webbed feat. e.g. bald eagle)
- sea birds feed in the sea
- some spend months away from land, and don’t come close to land except to lay their eggs.
what are the 5 kinds of sea birds?
- shorebirds
- gulls
- pelicans
- tubenoses
- penguins
sally gets plastered to party
What is the convergent evolution of penguins
this is the one she’s like you don’t have to know, but might ask you one or two of these
- Colourful head and beak (for attracting a mate)
- salt glands (for removing extra salt after drinking ocean water)
- stiff broad beak (to catch and hold fish)
- torpedo-shaped body (aerodynamic design to “fly” through water
- black and white colour (counter-shading camouflage in ocean)
- flipper-like wings (to help swim)
- dense-overlapping feathers (for insulating and waterproofing)
- short legs at rear of body (for steering under water)
- webbed feet (for swimming)
- dense bones (for diving)
What are sea birds adaptations for flight?
ENDOTHERMIC AND HOMEOTHERMIC.
endothermic = Create body temperature metabolically
homeothermic = can keep themselves at an even temperature
- have a high metabolism
- strong muscles, quick responses, coordination.
- advanced respiratory system. (I’ll make another card on this)
- efficient circulatory system with a 4-chamber heart
- excellent sight and hearing and large brain
- weight reduction (another card)
What are some characteristics of Class Mammalia?
- Hair at some point in life
- Endothermic & homeothermic
- Milk & mammary glands
- Placental mammals
- Feed at various trophic levels
why do sea birds have advanced respiratory systems?
have air sacs that extend into hollow bones and breathe into posterior air sacs. air is then channeled over lungs in one direction, into anterior air sacs and then out.
the air flows in one direction
and is super efficient.
Characteristics of Sea Otters?
• Usually stay within a mile of shore (Eastern Pacific)
• Dexterous 5-fingered forelimbs
• Hind limbs with fin-like feet
• Thick fur with an air layer for insulation
• Normally give birth to 1 pup on shoreline rocks, and it soon follows its mother into the sea
• Eat nearly 25% of their weight each day
– sea urchins, molluscs, crustaceans, fish
• Diurnal, gregarious, vocal and playful
• Nearly hunted to extinction for fur
Characteristics of Polar Bears?
• Top predators in Arctic – eat mostly seals
• Live on shifting ice sheets and floes – shrinking due to climate change :(
• Well adapted to cold
– large body
– black skin
– dense layer of under-fur
What are some ways that sea birds are able to reduce their weight?
- hollow bones
- reduced gonands (1 overy)
- no teeth
- have uric acid instead of urea
How do sea birds adapt to life at sea?
- salt glands are above the eyes and drain into their nasal passages
- webbed feet in many species
- some have the ability to fly under water.
where are the salt glands in sea birds?
above the eyes and then drain into nasal passages
What animals are in order Pinnipedia?
- True seals: lack external ears, cannot rotate flippers
- Eared seals: small external ears, can rotate flippers
- Walruses
Characteristics of Pinnipeds?
- Mate, give birth and molt on land
- Eat fish, larger invertebrates
- Predators: sharks, whales and humans
- Thick layers of fat
- Large brains, well-developed senses
- 2 pairs of limbs are modified into flippers
Pinniped Diving Adaptations:
- exhale before diving
- metabolism slows and heart rate decreases
- blood is sent to vital organs
- lots of oxygen in blood/more blood
- lots of oxygen in muscles
Reproduction in Pinnipeds:
- Most meet at popular breeding beaches to mate/give birth
- Some species are polygynous (multiple female mates at a time)
- Males establish territories
- Females give birth to pups after 8 months, then mate again
Definition of Polygynous:
Pinnipeds
More than one female mate at a time
Polyandry would be if the mates are male. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy.
Characteristics of True Seals:
- Forelimbs smaller than hind limbs
- Less adapted to life on land than eared seals
- Move on land by dragging their bodies
- no ears
Characteristics of Eared Seals:
• Sea lions
– coarse coat of guard hair, no undercoat
– highly social; congregate when on shore
• Fur seals
– distinguished by thick whoolly undercoats
– tend to be solitary except for breeding season
Characteristics of Walruses:
- Lack external ears
- Hind limbs can be used for walking on land
- Canine teeth of males develop into tusks
- Typical family group is 1 bull with up to 3 females and calves of various ages
Tell me about Tusks:
- males
- Upper Canines
- Used for fighting and as hooks for ice climbing
What 2 animals are Sirens?
Manatees and Dugongs
Characteristics of Sirens:
- Order Sirenia
- Coastal areas and estuaries of tropical seas
- Completely aquatic, helpless on land
- Feed on sea grasses
- Gentle and often trusting of humans
General Characteristics of Cetaceans:
- streamlined bodies
- blowhole
- blubber
- no neck
- internal ears with wax plugs
- essentially hairless
- forelimbs modified into flippers
- fluke - main propulsion
Cetacean Diving Adaptations:
- inhale before diving
- lungs and rib cage collapse to avoid the “bends”
- high oxygen uptake in lungs
- metabolism slows and heart rate decreases
- blood sent to vital organs
- lots of oxygen in blood/more blood
- lots of oxygen in muscles
- brain stem less sensitive to CO2 to hold breath longer
What are some Cetacean Behaviours?
- Spy hopping
- Breaching
- Tail slap/lob
- Fluke up/high fluke
- Pec slap
Reproduction and development of Baleen and Toothed whales:
• Baleen whales
– Mate and give birth in the same place and time
• Toothed whales
– Breed throughout the year,
• Produce extremely rich milk (up to 50% fat)
– infant grows rapidly
• Many travel in pods of adults and young
What are the 2 suborders of Cetacea
- Baleen Whales
- Toothed Whales
Characteristics of Baleen whales:
• Enormous mouths with plates of baleen – composed of keratin – hundreds of plates form a tight mesh – used to capture plankton, especially krill, and fish (Think of Finding Nemo Whale mouth lmao)
Baleen Whale feeding methods:
• Feeding methods: – Surface skimming – Gulping – Bubble netting (humpbacks) – Trap feeding (humpbacks)
super good bubble tea
What is bubble netting? (humpbacks)
Whale ascends in a spiral pattern, blowing bubbles from its blow hole. This creates a “net” of bubbles around prey, trapping them.
(look up a picture of it its pretty)
What is Trap feeding? (humpbacks)
Humpbacks set a trap for juvenile herring when juvenile herring are in small, diffuse schools. The fish collect near, or in, the mouth of the Humpback to escape predation from diving birds.
What are Rorquals? (baleen whales)
– Expandable throat grooves
– slender, streamlined, fast swimmers
e.g. blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale
Tell me about Grey Whales
- they are baleen whales
- small dorsal fin + “knuckles”
- coarse baleen – feeds on benthic mysids
- only eastern Pacific population survives today
Which whales are Toothed Whales?
- Sperm whales
- Beluga whales
- Narwhals
- Dolphins (defined beak)
- Orcas (largest dolphin)
- Porpoises (rounded head with no beak)
What is a physical difference between Dolphins and Porpoises?
Dolphins have a defined beak, porpoises have a rounded head with no beak
How do dolphins communicate?
- whistles and pulsed sounds
- signature whistles
- dialects
- body language
- tactile information
What are signature whistles?
learned, individually distinctive whistle type in a dolphin’s acoustic repertoire that broadcasts the identity of the whistle owner.
Tell me about echolocation
• Ears receive a wide range of underwater vibrations
• Dolphins emit clicking sounds
– orientation clicks
– discrimination clicks
– Dolphin can determines object’s distance, direction, size, shape, texture and density
What are orientation clicks? (echolocation)
-Low frequency clicks that give the animal a general idea of its surroundings
What are discrimination clicks? (echolocation)
-High frequency clicks that give the animal a precise picture of a particular object
comparing the swimming types of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses)
we talking how they steer and how they propel themselves.
Seals : propel themselves with hind flippers – steer with front flippers
Sea lions: propelled themselves with front flippers – steer with hind flippers
walruses: use all 4 flippers for steering and propulsion.
What are the pinniped diving adaptations
- Exhale before diving (lungs are empty.)
- metabolism slows and heart rate decreases - (so that they use less oxygen Shen they dive)
- blood is shunted to vital organs (heart and brain)
- high amounts of oxygen in blood
- store high amounts of oxygen in muscles.
What about the reproduction in pinnipeds?
- most congregate on well established breeding beaches to mate or give birth..
- some species are polygynous gotta remember the spelling // means they like to fuck lots of bitches
- males establish territory on beach / island
- females give birth to pups conceived the previous year.. mate again right after they give birth.
What are the there three families in the order pinnipedian? how are they characterized?
True Seal: lack external ears & cannot rotate their flippers
Eared seals (sea lions): small external ears & can rotate flipper.
Walruses
Tell me about True Seals:
- forelimbs are smaller than hind limbs
- less adapted to life on land than eared seals (because they cannot rotate their flippers.)
- move on land by dragging their bodies.
Compare the similarities and differences of Sea lions and Fur seals
Similarities:
they are both eared seals.
Differences:::
Sea Lions:
- have a coat of GUARD HAIR, no undercoat.
- highly social; congregate when on shore
Fur Seals:
- distinguished by their thick wooly UNDERCOATS
- tend to be solitary, except for breeding season.
What are some of the characteristics of Walruses:
- lack external ears
- hind limbs can be used for walking on land
- canine teeth of males develop into TUSKS
- typically family group is 1 bull with up to 3 bitches and calves of various ages.
what are two feeding methods exclusive to humpbacks?
trap feeding & bubble netting
What are Rorquals?
- the largest group of baleen whales
- expandable throat grooves
- slender, streamlined, fast swimmers
e. g. blue whales, fin whales and humpback whales.
An orca (killer whale) is the largest of the dolphins…
CRAZZZY DOG.
What are 5 things to know about Phylum Arthropoda?
- 75% of identified species
- jointed appendages
- segmented
- well-developed nervous systems
- ecdysis (shedding of exoskeleton/cuticle)
What is Ecdysis?
Shedding of exoskeleton/cuticle
-Occurs in phylum arthropoda and nematoda
Tell me stuff about the subphylum Chelicerates (arthropoda)
• Primitive group
• 6 pairs of appendages
- 1st pair = chelicerae for grasping food
- includes Horseshoe Crabs + Sea Spiders
(see other flash cards for info on those)
What are Chelicerae?
They are things around the mouth used for grasping food
What are the 3 body regions of a horseshoe crab?
- cephalothorax - covered by a carapace - bears limbs, head, and eyes
- abdomen - contains most vital organs
- telson - terminal segment of the body - tail
What is the cephalothorax?
The head and thorax - covered by a carapace - bears limbs
What is the Telson?
terminal segment of the body - TAIL
What is a Carapace?
A tough, resillient dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton
- made of chitin
What are 3 things about sea spiders?
• Sea spiders
– 4+ pairs of legs
– male carries eggs
– feed on juices from cnidarians and other soft bodied invertebrates, using a long sucking proboscis
What is the proboscis used for on sea spiders?
To feed on juices (ew) from cnidarians and other soft bodied invertebrates
What are the 3 or 4 body regions of the subphylum Crustaceans?
– head – thorax ^ these can make the cephalothorax – abdomen – telson
Tell me about the appendages of Crustaceans
• 2 pairs of sensory antennae
• mandibles and maxillae for chewing
• depending on species: walking legs, swimmerets,
claws/pincers
What are mandibles and maxillae in Crustaceans used for?
- chewing
- paired mandibles with opposing biting and grinding surfaces (maxillae)
What are swimmerets used for on Crustaceans?
Paired abdominal appendages used for swimming, and in females for carrying eggs.
What are the 3 Decapod Crustaceans?
Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp
What are Krill?
- Abundant members of the zooplankton
- pelagic
- mostly filter feeders
- most bioluminescent
- have photophores - organs that produce light either by chemical reaction or through symbiotic bacteria capable of bioluminescence
What are Photophores?
Organs that produce light either by chemical reaction or through symbiotic bacteria capable of bioluminescence
What are Copepods? (Crustaceans)
- Zooplankton
- Mostly suspension feeders: phytoplankton, detritus
- Food source
What are Amphipods? (Crustaceans)
• Laterally compressed, with posterior 3 pairs
of appendages directed backward
• Most are detritus feeders or scavengers
What are Barnacles? (Crustaceans)
- Sessile
- Planktonic larval stages
- Calcium carbonate shell
- Attach to a hard surface
- Filter feed using cirri
What are Cirri?
- Like a little hand reaching out of a barnacle, combing the water for microscopic organisms.
- quickly withdraw into protective shells if they sense a potential threat
What are ecto and endo-paracites?
Ecto - lives outside host
Endo - lives inside host
What is commensalism?
One organism benefits and the other is neutral
Facts about Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny Skinned Animals)
- Sea stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers
* Bilateral symmetry in larvae, radial symmetry in adults
Echinoderm endoskeleton stuff:
• Endoskeleton
– calcium carbonate
– ossicles - form part of endoskeleton + provide rigidity + protection - calcareous
– spines -calcareous - various shapes + sizes risen from the dermis - like spikes on sea urchins
– pedicellariae in some - small wrench or claw shaped appendage with movable jaws
Echinoderm water vascular system stuff:
– madreporite - calcareous opening used to filter water into water vascular system
– canals: ring/radial/lateral
– tube feet - used for moving + attachment
Characteristics of Sea Stars:
- Central disk with 5+ rays
- Can regenerate lost arms
- Papulae = “skin gills”
- most are carnivores or scavengers
- eversible stomach
4 things to know about Brittle Stars:
- Benthic with 5 spiny arms
- Defined central disk - middle of starfish where organs are and arms come from
- Suspension or deposit feeders
- Autotomy - adult will sever an arm to escape a predator
What is a test? (sea urchins and relatives)
- Small plates that are bound together
- Protects the internal organs and takes over skeletal functions
What is “Aristotle’s lantern”? (sea urchins)
An intricate mouth apparatus located on the underside of their bodies.
-powerful set of jaws and five sharp teeth-like structures that can move in various directions. I hate that.
What are Oral Tentacles? (ew)
Sea Cucumber
- cluster of tentacles surrounding mouth
- used for filter feeding
What are Cuvierian Tubules?
Sea Cucumbers
- Clusters of fine tubes located at the base of the respiratory tree. Can be discharged through the ass hole when the sea cucumber is stressed
- they are sticky and long and they entangle the predator in a matter of seconds, immobilizing it.
What is evisceration?
This is a real nasty one.
- used to ward off and distract predators while they scoot away
- method of autonomy like sea stars cutting off/regrowing a limb, but instead they aggressively shit or barf out their internal organs
- organs regenerate within a few days
What are some ecological roles of Echinoderms?
- Spiny skins deter most predators
- Predators of mollusks, cnidarians, crustaceans
- Urchins eat kelp, coral
- Sea cucumber poison has potential as tumor suppressant
Some facts about Invertebrate Chordates
• Phylum Chordata includes subphyla Vertebrates, Tunicates and Lancelets • All chordates have a notochord, which turns into the vertebral column in subphylum Vertebrates
What is a notochord?
All Chordates have this
-embryonic midline structure that provides both mechanical and signalling cues to the developing embryo
What are Tunicates?
• Mostly sessile filter feeders: sea squirts
• Also free-swimming tunicates
-Subphylum of chordates
What are Lancelets?
• Fish-like subphylum of invertebrate chordates
• Benthic, infaunal
- lack jaws
• Suspension feeders
What are representative organisms for Phylum Mollusca?
Chitons, Snails, Nudibranchs, Bivalves, Tusk Octopus, Nautilus, Squid, Cuttlefish
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What is a representative organism of Annelida?
Polychaete (segmented worms)
What is a representative organism of Nematoda?
Nematodes (round worm)
What are representative organisms of Arthropoda
- Horseshoe Crab, Sea spider (Chelicerates)
- Crab, Lobster, Shrimp (Decapod Crustaceans)
- Krill, Copepod, Amphipod, Barnacle (Crustaceans
What are Chaetognatha?
Arrowworms
What are some representative organisms for Echinodermata?
Sea Stars, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Sea Cucumbers, Feather Stars, Sea Lilies
What are some representative organisms for Subphylum Urochordata?
Tunicates, Sea Squirts
What is a representative organism for Subphylum Cephalochordata?
Lancelets
