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Marine Bio > Test 2- chapters 6,7,8 > Flashcards

Test 2- chapters 6,7,8 Flashcards

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1
Q

sea sluts <3

A

.

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2
Q

Primary producers

A

Base of the food chain. Autotrophs. Capable of producing organic compounds and their own food by light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemo-synthesis).

  • Cyanobacteria
  • Phytoplankton
  • Multicellular algae
  • Plants
  • Chemo-synthetic bacteria

Crack Pipes Make People Crazy

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3
Q

Decomposer - what does it do?

A

Break down dead or decaying organisms. Important process because it allows organic material to be recycled back into the ecosystem.

  • Fungi (aerobic)
  • Bacteria (aerobic)
  • Bacteria (anaerobic)
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4
Q

Chemosynthetic bacteria

A

Type of bacteria that uses chemical energy (chemosynthesis) to produce their own food. Usually because they are unable to obtain light (so like deep in the ocean and shit).

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5
Q

Green algae phylum

A

Chlorophyta
chlorophyll A, B
carotenoids

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6
Q

Red algae phylum

A

Rhodophyta
chlorophyll A, D
carotenoids
phycobilins

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7
Q

Brown algae phylum

A

Phaeophyta
chlorophyll A, C
carotenoids
fucoxanthin

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8
Q

Structure of seaweeds

A 
Lack vascular tissues (so they aren't "plants") so no stems leaves or flowers or roots.
They do have:
STIPE......looks like a stem
BLADE.......looks like leaves
HOLDFAST.......looks like roots
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9
Q

Asexual reproduction in seaweeds

A

Fragmentation (organism splits into fragments and each piece is able to develop into mature clones of original organism)

Spores

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10
Q

Sexual reproduction in seaweeds

A

Gametes (specialized male or female reproductive cells) fuse (fertilization or syngamy) and form a zygote (eukaryotic cell that contains DNA from each gamete)

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11
Q

Haploid cell

A

Contains 1 set of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Diploid cell

A

Have 2 sets of chromosome (one from each partner). Diploid is the result of sexual reproduction

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13
Q

Ethnobotany

A

Study of a regions plants and their practical/ religious/ medical uses through traditional knowledge

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14
Q

What is bull kelp used for

A
  • Fishing line and containers

- BEER BONGS. duh

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15
Q

What is rock weed used for

A

-Burn medicine

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16
Q

Benthic vs Pelagic

A

Benthic: anything associated with or occurring at the bottom of a body of water

Pelagic: consists of the water column of the open ocean. like anything just kinda swimming or floating around. Anything but the water near coastlines or the bottom floor.

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17
Q

Epiphytes

A

A plant or seaweed that grows on another plant but is NOT parasitic (eg. Red algae)

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18
Q

Epizoics

A

Plant, animal, or seaweed that grows or lives on the exterior of a living animal and is NOT parasitic. (eg. Red algae, or algae that grows on snails)

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19
Q

Human uses of red algae

A

Phycocolloids: agar, carrageenan
Irish moss is eaten in a pudding. gross
Animal feed/ fertilizer

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20
Q

Vascular plants tissues: Phloem vs Xylem

A

Phloem: carries food nutrients downward from the leaves into the roots

Xylem: Distributes water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves

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21
Q

2 types of seed bearing plants

A

Conifers: typically needle-like foliage, cone bearing seed plants

Flowering plants: Plant with flowers..

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22
Q

Hydrophtyes

A

An plant that has adapted to living in aquatic environment

Can be flowering plants

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23
Q

Halophytes

A

A plant that has adapted to being “salt-tolerant” and grows in soil or waters of high salinity (eg. mangrove swamps, marshes, sea shores).

Can be flowering plants

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of animals (4)

A
  1. multicellular
  2. eukaryotic cells without cell walls
  3. cannot produce their own food (heterotrophic)
  4. Invertebrates or vertebrates
    (most animals are invertebrates)
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25
Q

What phylum are sponges in?

A

Porifera

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26
Q

What are some characteristics of the phylum porifera? (sponges)

A
  • no tissues or organs
  • asymmetric
  • sessile
  • spicules
  • flagella suck water into sponge
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27
Q

What are three basic body forms of a sponge cell?

A
  • Leuconoid - most common
  • Syconoid - microscopic
  • Asconoid - microscopic
28
Q

What type of feeders do sponges use?

A
  • suspension/filter feeders

- surface cells and ameboid cells ingest larger food

29
Q

What do collar cells do? (choanocytes)

A

filter out tiny food particles

choanocyte = collar cell on sponge

30
Q

What do surface cells (pinacocytes) and amoeboid cells (archaeocytes) do?
(sponges)

A

Ingest larger food particles
-Most food is digested and distributed to other cells
by amoeboid cells

31
Q

What skeletal structure do sponges have?

A 
Spicules:
– Protein
– Calcium carbonate
– Silica
-like scaffolding: gives sponge structure
32
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A 
– Asexual:
• budding
• fragmentation
– Sexual:
• most are hermaphrodites
33
Q

What deters most animals from eating sponges?

A
  • spicules (sharp)

- chemical deterrents (yuck)

34
Q

What do sponges compete with?

A

– corals and bryozoans (moss animals)

35
Q

What are cnidarians?

A

Animals with stinging cells called cnidocytes
-Includes jellyfish,
hydroids, sea anemones, and corals
-one of the most complicated cells in the animal kingdom

Jalapenos Happen (to make) Sally Cry

36
Q

What is a Nematocyst?

A
  • A specialized cell containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self defence or to capture prey.
  • is inside of a cnidocyte
  • triggers work even if cells are detached, so rubbing a stung area can trigger ones that haven’t released yet making it more painful.

fun fact teacher bitch said that it was the most complex cell ever. like more complex than brain cells or something

37
Q

Hydroids

A 
-Cnidarian 
mostly colonial
– colonial forms contain 2 types of polyp:
• Feeding polyp
• Reproductive polyp
– hydrocorals secrete a
calcareous skeleton
– some produce floating
colonies
(e.g. P. man-o-war)
38
Q

“True” Jellyfish

A
  • Cnidarian
    – plankton
    – medusa is predominant
    – photoreceptors
39
Q

What is a photoreceptor (jellyfish)

A

A Box Jelly’s eyes

  • use visual information to orient themselves towards light shafts, and optimize feeding time when in light shafts
  • they want to stay in the photic zone for nutritional purposes
40
Q

Sea Anemone

A

-Cnidarian
-benthic
-though sessile, many
can change locations
-generally only moves if they sense the chemical of a preditor

41
Q

Gastro-vascular cavity

A

– digestion and transport
– 1 opening: mouth/anus
-lined sac
-each cell gets nutrients directly

42
Q

What are zooxanthellae?

A

An algae that have a symbiotic relationship with shallow water sea anemone species

43
Q

Reproduction of Cnidarian

A 
Asexual = polyp stage
– fission, budding (common in corals)
– pedal laceration (sea anemones)
– strobilation (common in hydroids and jellyfish)
Sexual = medusa stage

-Alternates between the two

44
Q

What is Fission/Budding?

A

-Common in Corals

A separation of the body into two new bodies

45
Q

What is pedal laceration?

A
  • sea anemones

- a mode of fission where some separate from the pedal disk and grow a new anemone

46
Q

What is strobilation?

A
  • Common in Hydroids and Jellyfish
    Transverse division of the body into segments which develop into separate individuals
    -think of the medusa/polyp lifecycle
47
Q

Habitat formation of coral reefs:

A 
- coral polyps form
complex 3-dimensional
structures
– provide a
solid surface for
attachment, places for
pelagic animals to rest
and hide and buffer
waves and storms
-symbiotic relationships - think of nemo + anemone
48
Q

Ctenophores (can call them comb jellies)

A

-Planktonic, nearly transparent

49
Q

Ctenophore structure:

A
  • 8 rows of comb plates
  • radial symmetry
  • lack stinging cells
  • bioluminescent
50
Q

Ctenophore digestion and nutrition:

A

-Gastro-vascular cavity
– feeds on plankton, larval fish and fish eggs
– branched tentacles with adhesive cells or
incorporated nematocysts from other jellies

51
Q

What is Cephalization?

A

development of symmetry + head; concentration of sensory organs

52
Q

Bilateral Symmetry:

A 
-Allowed for streamlined body shape
– Cephalization
– Most animal phyla except sponges, jellies,
(adult) echinoderms
-gives it a direction to move in
53
Q

Flatworms:

A
  • Flattened bodies and simple brains
  • have a branched vascular sac

3 kinds:
• Turbellarian flatworms – free-living. these are the ones you would see in the inter tidal zone.
• Flukes – parasitic: internal or external
• Tapeworms

54
Q

Turbellarian flatworms:

A
  • free living
    -mostly benthic, infaunal,
    members of meiofauna
    -prey for higher-level consumers
55
Q

Flukes:

A

-parasitic: internal or external
-usually have complex life cycles,
involving intermediate hosts (e.g. mollusks)
and definite hosts (e.g. fish)
-can regulate population size by lowering fitness of
host

56
Q

Tapeworms:

A

-parasitic: internal
-live in the host’s digestive tract
-can regulate population size by lowering fitness of
host

57
Q

What are intermediate hosts and definite hosts?

A

Intermediate:
-a host which is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and in which it may multiply asexually but not sexually.

Definite:
-the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place

58
Q

Ribbon Worms:

A
  • most are benthic
  • carnivorous
  • capture prey with retractable proboscis
  • have a full digestive tract - can digest more than one thing at a time
  • prey organisms for higher consumers
  • burrowing in sediment moves nutrients to surface
  • abandoned burrows can serve as habitat
59
Q

What is a retractable proboscis?

A

A hollow, muscular structure that can shoot out with explosive force and can be used to grip and retractable to be pulled back.
-kinda like a little harpoon they shoot out to catch prey and reel it into their digestive system

Ribbon Worm

60
Q

Lophophorates:

A

-sessile animals that lack a distinct head
-3 phyla of lophophorates:
– lophophorate tube worms
– colonial “moss animals” (bryozoans)
– lamp shells (attached by fleshy stalks)
-Filter feeders - eat detritis
-Food for many invertebrates, especially
molluscs and crustaceans

61
Q

What are Lophophorates largely responsible for?

A

Fouling ship bottoms

Fouling = the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and/or animals on underwater surfaces

62
Q

Oral/aboral:

A 
Oral = mouth side
aboral = not mouth side
63
Q

Coral Animals:

A
  • polyps secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
  • strong corals form reefs
  • soft corals form plant-like colonies
64
Q

Echinoderm:

A

Spiney skins: sea cucumbers, sea stars

65
Q

Ecdysis:

A

Shedding skin/shell

66
Q

each “worm” we cover is a different phylum

“worm” just refers to shape, not relatedness. Explain the 2 types of evolution that could be related to this.

A

Convergent evolution = a certain shape or structure evolved parallel to another and perform similarly but not related - look same, not related/not from same evolutionary ancestor

Divergent evolution = 1 population diversifies to different animals - look different, same evolutionary ancestor

67
Q

Lophophore:

A

A Lophophorates feeding organ

Marine Bio (7 decks)

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