Test 2- chapters 6,7,8 Flashcards
sea sluts <3
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Primary producers
Base of the food chain. Autotrophs. Capable of producing organic compounds and their own food by light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemo-synthesis).
- Cyanobacteria
- Phytoplankton
- Multicellular algae
- Plants
- Chemo-synthetic bacteria
Crack Pipes Make People Crazy
Decomposer - what does it do?
Break down dead or decaying organisms. Important process because it allows organic material to be recycled back into the ecosystem.
- Fungi (aerobic)
- Bacteria (aerobic)
- Bacteria (anaerobic)
Chemosynthetic bacteria
Type of bacteria that uses chemical energy (chemosynthesis) to produce their own food. Usually because they are unable to obtain light (so like deep in the ocean and shit).
Green algae phylum
Chlorophyta
chlorophyll A, B
carotenoids
Red algae phylum
Rhodophyta
chlorophyll A, D
carotenoids
phycobilins
Brown algae phylum
Phaeophyta
chlorophyll A, C
carotenoids
fucoxanthin
Structure of seaweeds
Lack vascular tissues (so they aren't "plants") so no stems leaves or flowers or roots. They do have: STIPE......looks like a stem BLADE.......looks like leaves HOLDFAST.......looks like roots
Asexual reproduction in seaweeds
Fragmentation (organism splits into fragments and each piece is able to develop into mature clones of original organism)
Spores
Sexual reproduction in seaweeds
Gametes (specialized male or female reproductive cells) fuse (fertilization or syngamy) and form a zygote (eukaryotic cell that contains DNA from each gamete)
Haploid cell
Contains 1 set of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction
Diploid cell
Have 2 sets of chromosome (one from each partner). Diploid is the result of sexual reproduction
Ethnobotany
Study of a regions plants and their practical/ religious/ medical uses through traditional knowledge
What is bull kelp used for
- Fishing line and containers
- BEER BONGS. duh
What is rock weed used for
-Burn medicine
Benthic vs Pelagic
Benthic: anything associated with or occurring at the bottom of a body of water
Pelagic: consists of the water column of the open ocean. like anything just kinda swimming or floating around. Anything but the water near coastlines or the bottom floor.
Epiphytes
A plant or seaweed that grows on another plant but is NOT parasitic (eg. Red algae)
Epizoics
Plant, animal, or seaweed that grows or lives on the exterior of a living animal and is NOT parasitic. (eg. Red algae, or algae that grows on snails)
Human uses of red algae
Phycocolloids: agar, carrageenan
Irish moss is eaten in a pudding. gross
Animal feed/ fertilizer
Vascular plants tissues: Phloem vs Xylem
Phloem: carries food nutrients downward from the leaves into the roots
Xylem: Distributes water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves
2 types of seed bearing plants
Conifers: typically needle-like foliage, cone bearing seed plants
Flowering plants: Plant with flowers..
Hydrophtyes
An plant that has adapted to living in aquatic environment
Can be flowering plants
Halophytes
A plant that has adapted to being “salt-tolerant” and grows in soil or waters of high salinity (eg. mangrove swamps, marshes, sea shores).
Can be flowering plants
What are the characteristics of animals (4)
- multicellular
- eukaryotic cells without cell walls
- cannot produce their own food (heterotrophic)
- Invertebrates or vertebrates
(most animals are invertebrates)
What phylum are sponges in?
Porifera
What are some characteristics of the phylum porifera? (sponges)
- no tissues or organs
- asymmetric
- sessile
- spicules
- flagella suck water into sponge
What are three basic body forms of a sponge cell?
- Leuconoid - most common
- Syconoid - microscopic
- Asconoid - microscopic
What type of feeders do sponges use?
- suspension/filter feeders
- surface cells and ameboid cells ingest larger food
What do collar cells do? (choanocytes)
filter out tiny food particles
choanocyte = collar cell on sponge
What do surface cells (pinacocytes) and amoeboid cells (archaeocytes) do?
(sponges)
Ingest larger food particles
-Most food is digested and distributed to other cells
by amoeboid cells
What skeletal structure do sponges have?
Spicules: – Protein – Calcium carbonate – Silica -like scaffolding: gives sponge structure
How do sponges reproduce?
– Asexual: • budding • fragmentation – Sexual: • most are hermaphrodites
What deters most animals from eating sponges?
- spicules (sharp)
- chemical deterrents (yuck)
What do sponges compete with?
– corals and bryozoans (moss animals)
What are cnidarians?
Animals with stinging cells called cnidocytes
-Includes jellyfish,
hydroids, sea anemones, and corals
-one of the most complicated cells in the animal kingdom
Jalapenos Happen (to make) Sally Cry
What is a Nematocyst?
- A specialized cell containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self defence or to capture prey.
- is inside of a cnidocyte
- triggers work even if cells are detached, so rubbing a stung area can trigger ones that haven’t released yet making it more painful.
fun fact teacher bitch said that it was the most complex cell ever. like more complex than brain cells or something
Hydroids
-Cnidarian mostly colonial – colonial forms contain 2 types of polyp: • Feeding polyp • Reproductive polyp – hydrocorals secrete a calcareous skeleton – some produce floating colonies (e.g. P. man-o-war)
“True” Jellyfish
- Cnidarian
– plankton
– medusa is predominant
– photoreceptors
What is a photoreceptor (jellyfish)
A Box Jelly’s eyes
- use visual information to orient themselves towards light shafts, and optimize feeding time when in light shafts
- they want to stay in the photic zone for nutritional purposes
Sea Anemone
-Cnidarian
-benthic
-though sessile, many
can change locations
-generally only moves if they sense the chemical of a preditor
Gastro-vascular cavity
– digestion and transport
– 1 opening: mouth/anus
-lined sac
-each cell gets nutrients directly
What are zooxanthellae?
An algae that have a symbiotic relationship with shallow water sea anemone species
Reproduction of Cnidarian
Asexual = polyp stage – fission, budding (common in corals) – pedal laceration (sea anemones) – strobilation (common in hydroids and jellyfish) Sexual = medusa stage
-Alternates between the two
What is Fission/Budding?
-Common in Corals
A separation of the body into two new bodies
What is pedal laceration?
- sea anemones
- a mode of fission where some separate from the pedal disk and grow a new anemone
What is strobilation?
- Common in Hydroids and Jellyfish
Transverse division of the body into segments which develop into separate individuals
-think of the medusa/polyp lifecycle
Habitat formation of coral reefs:
- coral polyps form complex 3-dimensional structures – provide a solid surface for attachment, places for pelagic animals to rest and hide and buffer waves and storms -symbiotic relationships - think of nemo + anemone
Ctenophores (can call them comb jellies)
-Planktonic, nearly transparent
Ctenophore structure:
- 8 rows of comb plates
- radial symmetry
- lack stinging cells
- bioluminescent
Ctenophore digestion and nutrition:
-Gastro-vascular cavity
– feeds on plankton, larval fish and fish eggs
– branched tentacles with adhesive cells or
incorporated nematocysts from other jellies
What is Cephalization?
development of symmetry + head; concentration of sensory organs
Bilateral Symmetry:
-Allowed for streamlined body shape – Cephalization – Most animal phyla except sponges, jellies, (adult) echinoderms -gives it a direction to move in
Flatworms:
- Flattened bodies and simple brains
- have a branched vascular sac
3 kinds:
• Turbellarian flatworms – free-living. these are the ones you would see in the inter tidal zone.
• Flukes – parasitic: internal or external
• Tapeworms
Turbellarian flatworms:
- free living
-mostly benthic, infaunal,
members of meiofauna
-prey for higher-level consumers
Flukes:
-parasitic: internal or external
-usually have complex life cycles,
involving intermediate hosts (e.g. mollusks)
and definite hosts (e.g. fish)
-can regulate population size by lowering fitness of
host
Tapeworms:
-parasitic: internal
-live in the host’s digestive tract
-can regulate population size by lowering fitness of
host
What are intermediate hosts and definite hosts?
Intermediate:
-a host which is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and in which it may multiply asexually but not sexually.
Definite:
-the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place
Ribbon Worms:
- most are benthic
- carnivorous
- capture prey with retractable proboscis
- have a full digestive tract - can digest more than one thing at a time
- prey organisms for higher consumers
- burrowing in sediment moves nutrients to surface
- abandoned burrows can serve as habitat
What is a retractable proboscis?
A hollow, muscular structure that can shoot out with explosive force and can be used to grip and retractable to be pulled back.
-kinda like a little harpoon they shoot out to catch prey and reel it into their digestive system
Ribbon Worm
Lophophorates:
-sessile animals that lack a distinct head
-3 phyla of lophophorates:
– lophophorate tube worms
– colonial “moss animals” (bryozoans)
– lamp shells (attached by fleshy stalks)
-Filter feeders - eat detritis
-Food for many invertebrates, especially
molluscs and crustaceans
What are Lophophorates largely responsible for?
Fouling ship bottoms
Fouling = the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and/or animals on underwater surfaces
Oral/aboral:
Oral = mouth side aboral = not mouth side
Coral Animals:
- polyps secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
- strong corals form reefs
- soft corals form plant-like colonies
Echinoderm:
Spiney skins: sea cucumbers, sea stars
Ecdysis:
Shedding skin/shell
each “worm” we cover is a different phylum
“worm” just refers to shape, not relatedness. Explain the 2 types of evolution that could be related to this.
Convergent evolution = a certain shape or structure evolved parallel to another and perform similarly but not related - look same, not related/not from same evolutionary ancestor
Divergent evolution = 1 population diversifies to different animals - look different, same evolutionary ancestor
Lophophore:
A Lophophorates feeding organ
