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Final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 major basins?

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic bish

I P A A

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2
Q

Where did life first evolve?

A

In the ocean

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3
Q

What is the Miller-Uray experiment?

A

Some dude formed organic molecules in a tube to prove something about the early atmosphere.

No oxygen (no photosynthesis) in the atmosphere - 4bya(billion years ago)

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4
Q

What were the first cells?

A

anaerobic bacteria (without air)

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5
Q

What helps you find your way around the sea?

A

Charts (ocean maps)
Compass
Reference lines: Longitude and latitude

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6
Q

In latitude what does 1 degree equal in minutes?

A

60 minutes

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7
Q

how much is a nauticle mile in km?

A

1.85km

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8
Q

if 1 nautical mile is 1.85km how many is 1 land mile?

A

1.15 land mile

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9
Q

degree of the equator?

A

0 degrees latitude

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10
Q

location of 90 degrees N latitude

A

geographic north pole

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11
Q

location of 90 degrees S latitude

A

south pole

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12
Q

longitude of Greenwich Meridian

A

0 degrees longitude

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13
Q

International dateline

A

180 degrees W longitude = 180 degrees E longitude

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14
Q

who is 3/4 water by mass

A

Marine Organisms

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15
Q

2/3 water by mass

A

Terrestrial organisms

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16
Q

Solvent of Polar substances

A

dissolves salt but not non-polar substances like oil

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17
Q

Polar

A

posses positive and negative charge

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18
Q

Specific Heat

A

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree

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19
Q

ocean heats and cool slowly due to?

A

Specific heat (thermal capacity)

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20
Q

what is the oceans pH level?

A

ocean has a pH of 8 and is slightly alkaline

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21
Q

what is pH?

A

pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of liquid solutions

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22
Q

Nuetral with a pH of 7

A

Pure fresh water

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23
Q

pH of unpolluted rain

A

pH of 5.6 and is slightly acidic

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24
Q

what is the pH of Acid rain

A

has a pH of below 5.6

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25
Q

Nature between water and light

A

much of the light is reflected into the atmosphere

different wavelength (colour) of light penetrate through at different depths

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26
Q

why does the salinity of surface water vary?

A

the salinity of surface water varies as a result of Evaporations, Precipitation, Freezing, Thawing, and fresh water run off from land

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27
Q

what is the salinity of Sea water?

A

3.5% salt (NaCl a.o), 96.5% water

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28
Q

how is salinity expressed?

A

through PPT ( parts per thousand) or as gram per Kg of water

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29
Q

Fresh water ppt

A

0-0.5 ppt salinity

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30
Q

Brackish water salinity

A

0.5-30 ppt

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31
Q

Saline water salinity

A

30-50 ppt

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32
Q

salinity of briny water

A

50 or above ppt (parts per thousand)

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33
Q

How is Density measured?

also what is it

A

the mass of a substance in a given volume

measured in g/cm3

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34
Q

what is the density of pure water

A

1g/cm3

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35
Q

1.0270g/cm3

A

the density of salt water

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36
Q

what is denser (heavier) saltier water or fresh water

A

salt water is denser then fresh water

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37
Q

cold water is denser than?

A

warm water

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38
Q

where is the densest water found

A

near ocean bottom

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39
Q

ocean layers are separated by

A

Thermocline, Halocline, and Pycnocline

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40
Q

Thermocline

A

temperature drops rapidly with depth

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41
Q

Halocline

A

salinity increases rapidly with depth

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42
Q

Pycnocline

A

density increases rapidly with depth

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43
Q

Ocean mixing in the summer

A

warmer layer on top, thermocline in the middle and cold denser water underneath

seasonal thermoclines

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44
Q

Ocean mixing in the fall

A

water column unstable

surface water cools and displaces less dense water

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45
Q

ocean mixing in winter

A

storms drive surface water deeper

brings nutrients up and oxygen down with vertical mixing

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46
Q

spring ocean mixing

A

water column stabilizes

surface water warms, thermocline between warm surface water and colder denser water

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47
Q

what are tides?

A

periodic changes in water level along coastlines

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48
Q

tidal ranges

A

diurnal, semi diurnal, mixed semi diurnal

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49
Q

Diurnal tide

A

one high and one low tide

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50
Q

semi diurnal tide

A

2 high and 2 low tides of similar to equal size

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51
Q

Mixed semi diurnal

A

2 high and 2 low tides of different heights

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52
Q

NEAP tides

A

happen when sun and moon are at right angles to eachother

happen twice monthly

produces moderate tides

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53
Q

Spring tide

A

twice monthly

creates more significant high tides and lower low tides than average

happens when sun moon and earth are in alignment

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54
Q

list major threats to the oceans

A

pollution, overfishing, fishing damage, seafood farming, invasive species, sea floor damage, climate change and coastal development

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55
Q

direct marine pollution

A

ocean dumping

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56
Q

indirect marine pollution

A

through land and air

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57
Q

threats of agriculture land

A

herbicide, pesticide and fertilizer runoff washed by rain and snow melt

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58
Q

threats from metropolitan area (damages)

A 
organic waste: garbage, animal droppings
Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers
zinc from aging pipes 
used motor oil
antifreeze 
automotive additives
runoff from storm drains
59
Q

threats from factory and from precipitation

A

PCBs, lead and sulfur

mercury, lead, zinc, Cadmium

60
Q

effects of pollution

A

can injure or kill marine life
interfere with reproduction and productivity
trigger toxic algae blooms
produce long term effects on marine life

61
Q

causes on organisms from pollution

A 
mutilation 
suffocation 
starvation
drowning 
distress
pain
62
Q

how much plastic waste enters the ocean each year

A

one million tons

63
Q

in coastal clean ups what was the average of trash found along the shoreline and what percentage was plastic

A

50kg of trash per km

60% was plastic

64
Q

what can last up to 450 years

A

1 six pack ring plastic thingy

65
Q

how many plastic bags are used yearly

A

0.5- 1 trillion plastic bags

most end up in the ocean

66
Q

what is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A

a gyre of marine litter located in the North Pacific ocean

also known as pacific trash vortex

67
Q

what does the Great Pacific Garbage patch consist of

A

mass of plastic debris found in upper water column area (significantly higher than the average)
suspended particles in upper water column
plastic breaks down into even smaller polymers

68
Q

toxins that can be found within food chain

A 
POPs, DDT, PCBs
heavy metals (mercury, lead, zinc and chromium)
69
Q

Biological magnification aka Biomagnification aka bioamplification

A

concentration of toxins in the tissue of an animal as the toxins get passed up the food chain without being broken down or excreted

Biomagnification is the accumulation of a chemical by an organism from water and food exposure that results in a concentration that is greater than would have resulted from water exposure only and thus greater than expected from equilibrium.

70
Q

how are sea birds effected by DDT

A

when they eat fish with high levels of DDT they lay thin-shelled eggs which break during incubation

71
Q

what can be inhibited by toxic compounds

what can toxic compounds fuck up?

A

photosynthesis

growth and cell division

72
Q

what does POP stand for?

A

Persistent Organic Pollutant

73
Q

List the animals with the least POPs to most POPs eaten through the food chain

(Persistent Organic Pollutant)

A

plankton - herring - salmon - resident killer whales
Plankton - herring - salmon - seal - transient killer whales
POPs move up the food chain?

74
Q

what level of ppm is considered toxic waste

A

a level above 50 ppm by canadian guidlines

75
Q

Toxic waste

A

chemical waste material capable of causing death or injury to life

76
Q

Sources of nutrient pollution

A

human and animal waste

fertilizers

77
Q

what is eutrophication and what does it lead to

A

and increase in the amount of dissolved nutrients in water

leads to: algal blooms, hypoxia, anoxia
and fish death

78
Q

what is hypoxia

A

low oxygenated areas

79
Q

what is anoxia

A

no oxygen within area

80
Q

within these nutrient pollutions (human and animal shit) what can be found

A

pharmaceuticals
pathogens
hormones
coliform bacteria

81
Q

why can petroleum pollution be so damaging

A

they are persistent
difficult for microbes to degrade
toxic to organisms

82
Q

Exxon Valdez

A

1989: 240,000 barrels into prince william sound, Alaska

oil spill

83
Q

Deep water horizon aka ( Macondo blow-out)

A

2010 : 4.9 million barrels into Gluf of Mexico

84
Q

effects of oil spills on birds and mammals

A

toxic affects through ingestion
heavy coating of oil prevents birds from flying and swimming
can cause otters to die of hypothermia by destroying ability to insulate with fur
clog ears and nostrils and irritate eyes

85
Q

effects of oil spill on invertebrates and algae

A

smother and toxic effects

86
Q

community effects of oil spills

A

decreases species diversity
simplifies food web
disproportionate increase in population of resident species (predator pray. one thing dies the other grows in numbers)

87
Q

ways to clean up oil spill

A

oil booms and oil skimmers help confine spill
straw is used to soak up oil
oil digesting bacteria
bacterium genetically engineered to degrade crude oil ( currently being tested)

88
Q

from 2000 to 2100 what is the highest estimated temperature raise/difference

A

nearly 5 degrees

89
Q

Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis estimates how much of a temperature difference by 2100

A

4 degrees

90
Q

what could the changes in water temperature do to specific organisms

A 
could affect timing of spawning 
metabolism 
larval survival 
growth rate 
shift species distribution toward poles:
increase competition for native species 
increased predation of native species 
decrease oxygen levels
91
Q

warm water dissolves more or less oxygen

A

less

92
Q

effects of global warming

A 
coral bleaching 
sea level rise from melting glaciers 
changes in wind and rain: increase in El Nino conditions 
change ocean currents 
ocean acidification
93
Q

Ocean acidification

A

reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere

94
Q

what species may ocean acidifications negatively effects calcification

A 
coccolithophores 
corals 
foraminifera 
echinoderms
crustaceans 
mollusks
95
Q

how much of CO2 in the atmosphere ends up in the ocean

A

25%

96
Q

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid
cellular resperation formula
ocean acidification

97
Q

Nonnative species

A

alien, exotic, introduced

species that do not naturally occur in a given geographical location may become invasive

98
Q

common ways new species/invasive are introduced

A

introduces by ships ballast water, aquaculture, accidental introduction

99
Q

ballast water

A

fresh or saltwater held in the ballast tanks and cargo holds of ships

provide stability and maneuverability during a voyage when ships are not carrying cargo, not carrying heavy enough cargo, or when more stability is required due to rough seas.

100
Q

community changes caused by introduced species

A

can alter ecosystem structure and function

considered one of the largest threats to biodiversity because of their negative impacts sometimes leading to extinction

101
Q

define: global biodiversity

A

the measure of biodiversity on planet Earth and is defined as the total variability of life forms

102
Q

habitat loss by coastal development and what wet lands provide

A

wetlands provide nutrients, spawning and shelter grounds for many marine organisms

they have been drained, filled or dredged, to provide ground for industry, beachfront Realestate and ports and harbours

103
Q

habitat loss by coastal development in beaches

A

disturbs nesting sight of birds, sea turtles and horse shoe crabs
beach erosion interferes with longshore currents and longshore transport process

104
Q

longshore currents

A

generated by waves that break
at an angle to the beach, moving parallel to the
beach

105
Q

longshore transport process

A

transport of

sediments by longshore currents

106
Q

fish stocks have collapsed by what %

A

30%, fish stocks will be collapsed by 2050

107
Q

what is the reason for catch/unit effort decline

A

stock decline and because fishing has become less efficient

108
Q

catch/unit effort

A

an indirect measure of the abundance of a target species. Changes in the catch per unit effort signify changes to the target species’ true abundance

Measuring how many fish you will catch compared to how much effort it takes to catch them and its not efficient anymore cause fish are ded

109
Q

types of fishing vessles

A

purse seiner
gillnetter
troller

110
Q

damages of trawling

A

produce large bycatch

and destroys benthic habitat

111
Q

What damages do drift nets do

A

produce large by catch

and lost nets/ ghost fish

112
Q

effects of over fishing

A

(catch exceeds replacement)
changes in genetic diversity
change/loss in species diversity

113
Q

genetic drift

A

can cause traits to be dominant or disappear from a population

114
Q

how does over fishing change genetic diversity

A

harvesting larger specimens: leads to selective pressure for smaller animals

harvesting early in reproductive cycle: creates selective pressure for fast maturation

surviving individules no longer represent full genetic variability (genetic drift) which can lead to extinction

115
Q

extirpated

A

locally extinct , species can not fulfill ecological function
potentially impacts ecosystem diversity

116
Q

problems with commercial fishing

A

wasteful and destructive practices
in efficient use of catch (dolphins or shark finning)
incidental catch (bycatch)
habitat destruction
use of catch less efficient as more is used for
fish-meal products to feed livestock

117
Q

fish-meal

A

commercial product made from whole wild-caught fish, bycatch and fish by-products to feed farm animals

118
Q

trophic levels

A

the position it occupies in a food web

119
Q

why is fish meal an inefficient way to feed livestock?

A

10% rule of ecology

feeding livestock
with commercial
fish adds trophic
levels and is very
inefficient!
120
Q

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)

A

coastal nations control fishing within 200 miles

an area of coastal water and seabed within a certain distance of a country’s coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities

121
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

a situation in which individuals with access to a shared resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource

122
Q

Problems with aquaculture

A

Destruction of mangrove ecosystems for shrimp farms

Over-exploitation of feed fish for shrimp and salmon
aquaculture

Antibiotics, pesticides, excess nutrients
pollution of coastal waters

Transfer of disease (viral/bacterial)and parasites to wild stocks

123
Q

how to control over fishing

A

new fisheries of something like krill or fish lower on the food chain

124
Q

characteristics of Intertidal zones

A

periodically submerged and exposed

high O2 and nutrient levels

algae and sea grasses

animals with attachment and burrowing adaptions

125
Q

Zonation

A

species composition and density change

low, mid and upper intertidal areas

=Habitats (intertidal zone, rocky shore zone, upper intertidal (splash zone) ect,)

126
Q

Tidal zones

A

Supralittoral zone

intertidal zone

subtidal zone

127
Q

whats found in upper intertidal

A

lichens and periwinkles

128
Q

whats found in Middle intertidal

A

barnacles, rockweed, mussles

129
Q

lower intertidal

A

Laminaria Kelp

130
Q

what are Tide pools

A

depression on rocky intertidal shores that remain submerged when tide ebbs

131
Q

characteristics of Estuaries

A 
transition area river/sea
water column stratified 
salinity varies
high in nutrient 
very productive 
salt marsh grasses/algae and phytoplankton
132
Q

breeding ground for invertebrates and fishes

A

Estuaries

133
Q

significant threats to estuaries

A

filling, pollution, dredging

134
Q

where do you find coral reefs

A

mostly tropical, calm, clear, oxygen rich water

135
Q

characteristics of coral reefs

A

zooxanthellae, red and green algae
high diversity: cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropod fishes
calcium carbonate skeleton

136
Q

threats to coral reefs

A

overcollecting, overfishing, climate change, coastal development

137
Q

characteristics Marine benthic zone

A

seafloor community, mostly aphotic and soft sediment
has photosynthesizers and chemo-autotrophs
detritus
inverts and fishes

138
Q

threats to marine benthic zone

A

overfishing and waste dumping. Dredging

139
Q

characteristics of open pelagic zone

A 
70% of earths surface 
average depth 4,000m
clear water 
low nutriens 
50% global photosynthesis 
place of zooplankton, jellies, fishes, turtles, marine mammals
140
Q

open pelagic zone threats

A

overfishing and pollution. ghost fishing (ghost nets)

141
Q

chemo autotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their energy from a chemical reaction

Autotrophs -make their own energy

142
Q

characteristics of sandy shore

A

most of life is underground

143
Q

what is the EXTINCTION VORTEX OF SMALL POPULATIONS.

A

Starts with genetic drift –> inbreeding occurs –> loss of genetic variation in genepool –> lower survival changes & low rate of adapting to environment –> lower reproduction –> high mortality –> population gets even smaller.

(usually this starts occurring around 500)

Marine Bio (7 decks)

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