Test 3 - Chapter 19 Flashcards
Gram Positive Cells stain which color?
Purple
There are two major groups of Gram positve based on ____?
DNA
The groups of Gram Positve bacteria based on DNA are either low ____+____ or ______?
G+C or High G+C
Staphylococcus Streptococus Bacillus and Clostridium are all HIGH/LOW G+C?
Low G+C
Phylum Actinobacteria are HIGH/LOW G+C?
High G+C
Is Staphylococcus part of our normal microbiota?
Yes
Is Staphylococcus GramPositive or Negative?
Gram Positive
Staphylococcus cells occur is ____-Like clusters?
Grape-like
Is Staphylococcus Nonmotile/Motile?
Nonmotile
Is staphylococcus faculative anaerobes?
yes
Is Staphyloccous salt tolerant/intolerant?
Tolerant
Can Staphylococcus survive dessication (live on surfaces)?
Yes
Can staphylococcus survuve radiation?
yes
Does staphylococcus produce catalse?
Yes
The two species of Staphylococcus are?
aureus and epidermidis
Which species of staphylococcus is more virulent?
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis is considered _[a]___ microbiota of human __[b]___
a- normal
b- skin
Production of these two things allow staphylococcus to result in pathogenicity?
Enzymes and toxins
Is Staphylococcus contains structures that enable it to evade ______ then it is more likely to cause disease?
phagocytosis
As a structual defense against Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus has a coating on the cell surface called ____ ____?
Protein A
Protein A interferes with humoral ____ _____
Immune responses
Protein A also inhibits the ______ cascade?
Complement
Staphylococcus also has a structural defense mechanism against phogocytosis called Bound Coagulase which converts fibrinogen to _[a]__ molecules (which hide the bacteria from phagocytosis)
FIBRIN MOLECULES
Staphylococcus can also SYNTHESIZE polysaccharide _[a]___ layers called _[b]___.
a- slime
b- capsules
An enzyme in Staphylococcus is cell-free coagulase which triggers blood _____
clotting
another enzyme in staphylococcus is Hyaluronidase which enables the bacteria to spread between cells by breaking down ____ ____
hyaluronic acid
Staphylokinase (an enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus) that allows it to free itself from _____
blood clots
The enzyme B-lactamase breaks down _____ and allows bacteria to survuve treatment with B-lactam antimicrobial drugs
Pennicilin
Cytolytic toxins produced by staphylococcus disrupt the ____[a]__ _____ of a variety of cells. Leukocidin can lyse ___[b]___ specifically?
a- cytoplasmic membrane
b- leukocytes
Both Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis can be found in upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts? T/F
true
Staphylococcus disease have three categories, NONINVASIVE, CUTANEOUS and SYSTEMIC. T/F?
True
Noninvasive staphylococcus diseases are mainly _____ ______?
food poisoning
Scalded skin syndrome, impetigo and Folliculitis are examples of _____ staphylococcus diseases?
Cutaneous
Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, and TSS (toxic shock syndrome) are all examples of ____ staphylococcus diseases?
Systemic
For diagnosis of Staphylococcus you must detect Gram-__[a]___ bacteria in __[b]___-clusters in pus, blood, or other fluids.
a- Positive
b- grapelike
Methicillin can be used as treatment for Staphylococcus? T/F
True
Name whether Alpha, Beta, or Gamma hemolysis: Complete digestion and lysis of red blood cells, and produces clear zones around colonies?
Beta Hemolysis
Name whether Alpha, Beta, Gamma hemoysis: No digestion or lysis of RBD and no change in the gar around the colonies?
Gamma Hemolysis
Name whether Alpha, Beta, or Gamma Hemolysis: Partial digestion and lysis of RBC’s and produces greenish-brow discoloration around colonies?
Alpha hemolysis
Streptococcus are Gram _____?
Positive
Streptococcus are arranged in ____ or ____?
pairs or chains
Streptococcus are catalase positive/negative?
negative
Streptococcus are peroxidase postive/negative?
positive
For streptococcus - Lancefield groups ___ and ___ include most of the significant human pathogens?
A and B
Group A Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes: Structural components consist of Protein ___ ( which destabalizes complement and interferes with opsonization and lysis)
Protein M
Streptokinases, Deoxyribonucleases, C5a peptidase, and Hyaluronidase are all enzymes in Group ____ Streptococcus
Group A strepto
Pharyngitis and scarlet fever fever belong to which disease category?
Group A streptococcol diseases
About 50% of pharyngitis (strep throat) is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, the other 50% is _____
viral
Pyo refers to?
Pus
Rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis are Group ____ streptococcal diseases
Group A
Diagnosis for Group A Streptococcus pyogenes is Gram __[a]___ found in short _[b]__ or __[c]__
a- positive
b- chains
c- pairs
Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae is gram _[a]___ cocci that form __[b]__
a- postive
b- chains
Group B Strepto has colonies that are buttery (not white) and are slightly ____
larger
Group B Strepto has a smaller/larger zone of beta hemolysis ?
smaller
Unlike Group A, Group B is resistant to _____?
Bacitracin
Group A/B Strepto are more normal in lower gastrointestinal, genital and urinary tracts?
Group B
Streptococcus Virirdians are Alpha/Beta?Gamma?
Alpha
Streptococcus Virirdians appear in which shape?
pairs of cocci
Their Pathogenic features include stimulating phagocytosis, polysaccharide capsule prevents digestion in lysosomes, which prevents removal from the body. is this Streptococcus Group B or Streptococcus Viridians?
Viridians
Their pathogenic features are unknown. Is this strepto group A/B/Viridians?
Group B
Their pathogenic features Interfere with the action of complement. Strepto Group A/C/Viridian or Staphylococcus?
Strepto Group A
Their pathogenic feature prevents phagocytosis. Is this Strepto A/B/Viridians or Staphylococcus?
Staphylococcus
Whose epidemiology consists of the following: normal microbiota of skin, upper respiratory, GI, urogenital tracts, transmission by direct contact and fomites? Strepto A/B/Viridian or Staphylococcus?
Staphylococcus
Whose epidemiology conisst of the following: Causes disease due to depleted normal microbiota or impaired immunity, skin and pharynx, transmission by droplets, direct contact and fomites? Strepto A/B/Viridian or Staphylococcus?
Strepto A
Whose epidemilogy consists of the folllowing: normal microbiota in GI and urogenital tracts; in newborns, in adults after childbirth and wound infections? Strepto A/B/Viridian or Staphylococcus?
Strepto B
Whose epidemiology consists of the following: normal microbiota in mouth, pharynx, GI and urogenital tracts; disease in those with less active immune systems and diseases in lungs? Strepto A/B/Viridian or Staphylococcus?
Strepto Viridian
Streptococcus pyogenes is under which Group of Strepto?
Strepto A
Streptococcus agalactiae is under which group of strepto?
Strepto B
Streptococcus pneumoniae is under which group of strepto?
Strepto Viridian
Eneterococcus has which form of hemolysis?
Gamma
Their growth is high at high temperatures, (45C) high pH and high NaCl and high bile. Eneterococcus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria?
Enterococcus
Does Enterococcus form short chains and pairs, or long chains and singles?
short chains and pairs
Has no pathogenic features: Enterococcus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria?
Enterococcus
It is normal in colon, nosocomial infections, poor hygiene, intestinal acerations. Enterococcus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria?
Enterococcus
Endospores are inttroduced into wounds, improper canning, antimicrobial treatments? Enterococccus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria?
Clostridium
Have Central endospores, produce toxins: Bacillus/Clostridium/?
Bacillus
Have subterminal or terminal endospores and produce toxins: Bacillus/Clostridium
Clostridium
Endospores capsule inhibits phagocytosis: Bacillus/Clostridium?
Bacillus
Endospore toxins lyse blood and other cellsincreasing vascular permeability. Bacillus/Clostridium
Clostridium
Prevent Destruction in phagosome? Enterococcus/Bacullus/Listeria?
Listeria
Transmitted as spores, not usually human to human Bacillus/Clostridium?
Bacillus
Have facultative intracelluar parasite? Enterococcus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria?
Listeria
Contaminated thru food and drink and mother to fetus? Enteroccocus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria
Listeria
C. perfringens food poising is caused by whoch strain of bacteria? Enterococcus/Bacillus/Clostridium/Listeria
Clostridium
Bacillus is Gram ___
positive
Bacillus can grow three of which ways?
single, pair, chains
Gastrointestinal/Cutaneous/Inhalation anthrax are the clinical manifestations. Which of these is the most common form in humans?
Cuataneous
Which one is rare in humans and secretes toxins in lungs which enter bloodstream causing toxemia? Gastrointestinal/Cutaneous/Inhilation
Inhilation
Which strand produces ecshar? Gastro/Cutaneous/Inhilation?
Cuatenous
Which has the highest mortality rate at near 100%?
Inhilation anthrax
In diagnosis, are they motile or imotile?
motile
Ciprofloxacin used due to fear of resistance to _____?
pennicilin
is there a vaccine against anthrax?
yes
Clostridium anaerobic/aerobic?
anaerobic
Clostridium perfringens causes Botulism/Gas Gangrene?
Gas Gangrene
C. diff motile or imotile?
motile
Clostridium difficile produces two toxins, called?
Toxin A and B
C dificile cause mostly _____
diarrhea
Clostridium botulinum contains among the deadliest ____ known
toxins
Three manifestations of botulism?
foodbourne, infant, wound botulism
Clostridium tetani is gram ____
positive
clostridium tetani form subterminal/terminal endopores?
terminal
Clostridium tetani is motile/imotile?
motile
tetanus toxin is a powerful neurotoxin that is released when ___________
cell dies
characteristic muscular contraction occurs in ______ disease
tetanus
Listeria monocytogenes causes Listeriosis wich is a opportunistic/true pathogen?
opportunistic
Listeria monocytogenes can cause Pneumonia/Meningitis in certain at-risk groups?
meningitis
Diagnosis of Listeria is rarely seen in Gram stains. T/F
true
Most antimicrobial drugs do what to Listeria? Inhibit/Lyse
inhibit
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium : which are made of toxins?
Corynebacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which attach to and kill respiratory epithelial cells?
Mycoplasmas
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which have mycolic acid in cell wall (acid fast) resistant to drying out and drugs?
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: Which produce acid when fermenting carbohydrates?
propioibacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which has transmission by direct contact only?
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which has transmission by direct contact and respiratory droplets; endemic where no vaccines
Corynebacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which causes skin infections by iatrogenic infections,
Propionibacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium: which has transmission in dried aerosol droplets; pandemics increasing in persons with weak systems
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasmas/Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Propionibacterium Which has a fried egg appearance?
Mycoplasmas
Unusual in bacteria, but these have sterols in their cytoplasmic memebranes?
mycoplasmas
Mycoplasmas aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
Mycoplasma pneumonia cause primary atypical pneumonia called “_____ _____”
“walking pneumonia”
Mycoplasmas are [a]small/large? they are [b]easy/hard to see? Growth in cultures is [c]fast/slow?
a- small
b- hard
c-slow
Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumonia is difficult because patients are often _[a]___ and have ___ ___[b]___
a- infectious
b-no symptoms
Is there a vaccine for mycoplasmic pneumonia?
no
M. hominis, M.genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum are all ______(s) associated with human disease
mycoplasmas
M. genitalium and U. urealyticum cause inflammation of the _____
urethra
Bacillus, Listeria, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus are all low ___+___ Gram ____bacilli and cocci?
low G+C Gram positive
Corynebacterium is cocci/bacilli/pleomorphic in shape?
pleomorphic
All species of corynebacterium are _____?
pathogenic
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a lysogenic bacteriophage conaining gene for diptheria Pathogen/Toxin?
toxin
The _____ toxin is one of the more potent toxins known?
diptheria toxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes disease called ______ and _____ diptheria
respiratory and cutaneous
In respiratory diptheria, pseudomembrane can block the ____ ______ and cause death by asphyxiation?
Respiratory passage
in which (Cutaneous/Respiratory diptheria) can the toxins enter bloodstream and kill heart and nerve cells?
in cutaneous diptheria
presence of pseudomembrane is a diagnosis for Corynebacterium diptheriae/Propionibacterium
C. diptheriae
If colony morpholgies iclue: large irregular gray, small flat gray, or small round convex black… this is indicative of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? T/F
true
For treatment of corynebacterium diphtheriae there is a neautralizing _[a]____ (immunoglobulin) to block binding of __[b]__ to cell
a- antitoxin
b- toxin
Penicillin or erythromycin to kill bacteria of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
both
A major prevention of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
a vaccine (tdap)
Mycobacterium has a cell wall that contains ___ ___ ( a waxy lipid)
mycolic acid
Most species of mycobacterium are Pathogenic/Nonpathogenic?
Nonpathogenic
to see mycobacterium you must you ___ ___ staining technique?
acid fast
Mycobacterium is Gram ____?
positive
Is Mycobacterium acid fast?
yes
Mycobacterium produces a ____ factor?
cord factor
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is strongly/weakly virulent?
weakly
those with weakened ____ are at most risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
immuity
What kills ~2million a year, 1/3 world’s population is infected and 10% of infected individuals have life-threatening disease?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis form small hard nodules in lungs called _____?
tubercles
Three types of Tuberculosis?
Primary TB, Secondary TB, Disseminated TB
Primary TB results from ____ infection with M. tuberculosis?
initial
Primary TB results usually in _____?
children
Secondary TB is a reestablishment of _____ _____?
active infection
Disseminated TB results when infection ___________?
spreads throughout the body
A-Internalization by lung phagocytes and cells lining alveoli, B- Formation of tubercles, C-Infection, D- Maturation of tubercles, E-Free replication in host cells: Which is correct order?
C, A, E, B, D
Production of Caseous Necrosis happens at which stage?
Stage 5 (Maturation of tubercles)
Caseous necrosis occurs when ____ and ____ are release from dying cells causing tissue to have consistency with cheese!
fat and proteins
Macrophages become tightly packed around the site of infection forming a _[a]____ in which stage ____[b]____?
a- tubercle
b-stage 4 -formation of tubercles
Which stage in Primary TB can be asymptomatic or cause just a mild fever?
stage 3- free replication in hosts
Pili of bacteria attach to extracellular protein of humans in which stage?
stage 1- infection
If tubercles are found in lower and central areas of lungs suggests _[a]___ TB, of found in higher areas of lungs suggests __[b]___ TB
a-primary
b- secondary
Mycobacterium leprae is Gram _[a]____ and is [b] acid fast/non acid fast?
a- positive
b-acid fast
Mycobacterium leprae grows best at?
philanges
Mycobacterium leprae grows intracellular/extracellular?
intracellular
Mycobacterium leprae only other host is a _____
Armadillo (yee haw!)
Mycobacterium leprae is weak/strong virulent?
weak
Mycobacterium leprae is spread how?
close contact person to person
Two forms of leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy. which is the non progressive form of the disease?
Tuberculoid
Two forms of leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy: which is where you lose sensation due to nerve damage?
tuberculoid
Two forms of leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy: which is where you lose limbs and such?
Lepromatous
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is true pathogen/opportunistic?
opportunistic
infections of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare can result from ingestion of?
contaminated food or water
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare can affect almost every _____?
organ
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare spreads through body through?
lymph system
Propionibacterium is gram ___
positive
Propionibacterium acnes
produce ______ _____ when fermenting carbohydrates
propionic acid
Sebum entering the sebaceous gland is which step of acne?
1st
creation of a black head is step?
3
creation of white head is step?
2
pustule formation is what step in acne?
4
which step only occurs in severe cases of acne?
step 4 pustule formation
Nocardia is Acid Fast/Non acid fast?
acid fast
elongated filamentous cells resembling fungal hyphae?
Nocardia
Nocardia asteroides is opportunistic/true pathogen?
opportunistic
Pulmonary, cutaneous, and central nervous system infections are all caused by Nocardia _____
asteroides
Presence of long, acid-fast, hypha-like cells in skin, sputum, pus, or cerebrospinal fluid samples: These represent diagnosis for what species?
Nocardia asteriodes
Actinomyces are acid fast/non acid fast?
non acid fast
Actinomyces can sometimes cause dental ____
caries
Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Actinomycetes : which form branching filaments resembling fungi and incude Nocardia?
Actinomycetes
Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Actinomycetes: which produce metachromatic granules?
Cornebacterium
Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Actinomycetes: which are aerobic rods that sometimes form filaments?
Mycobacterium
