Chapter 13 Flashcards
Acellular agents cause ___
disease
Viruses, viroids, and prions are all _____
acellular
Can Viruses: 1-Carry out metabolism? 2-Reproduce Independently? 3-Have cytoplasmic membrane? 4-Have organelles? 5-Have extracellular or intracellular states?
1 no 2 no 3 no 4 no 5 both
the extracellular state of a virus is called a ____
virion
they have a ____ surrounding nucleic acid?
protein coat
protein coat is also called a ?
plasmid
Intracelluar state the virus exists as ___ _____
nucleic acid
Viruses can have what types of DNA?` but never?
DNA and RNA but never both!
Generalist Viruses infect ___ kinds of cells in ___ different hosts
many many
All organisms are susceptible to viral attack? T/F?
true
Viruses that attack bacteria are called?
bacteriophages
Capsids offer protection and means of _____
attachment
Helical, Polyhedral. Complex are the three ____ ___
basic shapes
Envelopes are acquired from ___ ___ during viral replication or release
host cell
Envelope’s ____ & ____ often play role in host-cell recognition
proteins and glycoproteins
Viral replication requires host’s ____ and ____
organelles and enzymes
lytic replication usually ends in ___ of cell
lysis
Attachment, Entry, Synthesis, Assembly and Release are stage of the ___ ____
lytic cycle
Lysogeny (lysogenic) consists of after attachment and entry, Virus ____ is incorporated into bacterial ____
DNA and DNA
Prophages are when phage DNA is not incorporated into bacterial DNA. True or false?
False. Is when it IS incorporated
Induction occurs during the Lytic/Lysogenic cycle?
Lysogenic
Induction is when ____ is cut out of bacteriums chromosome
Prophage
what triggers prophage? things that damage ____
DNA
Presence of envelope around some viruses
Eukaryotic nature of animal cells
Lack of cell wall in animal cells: These are differences that occur in ____ viruses
animal
In animal viruses, DNA viruses enter the ____
and RNA viruses often replicate in the ____
nucleus
cytoplasm
In animal viruses, enzymes that are not provided by the cell are either part of the ____ or are transcribed from the virus’ ____
Virion
DNA
dsDNA enters the ___ to be replicated?
Nucleus
ssDNA requires a ____ to make DNA
one strand template
Retroviruses uses the +____ strand as a template for making dsDNA
+RNA
Retroviruses use a process called ___ ____
reverse transcription
An example of a retrovirus?
HIV
Synthesis for negative-sense ssRNA viruses the viral -RNA is the template to produce +RNA strand
true
Negative sense ssRNA negative RNA used as template to produce ____ _____.
And positive RNA used as template to make ___ ____
+RNA
-RNA
Enveloped viruses are often released by ____
budding
Proviruses are ___ viruses
latent
some latent viruses do not become incorporated into host ____, but some do
chromosome
if a latent virus is incorporated into the chromosome, can it be removed? an example of this?
No.
HIV
culturing viruses in a lab is done in order to develop ____ and ____
vaccines and treatments
Mature organisms, embryonated chicken eggs, cell (tissue) cultures are three ____ systems
culture
viruses can be cultured in bacteria, plants, and animals. T/F?
True
chicken eggs are free of _____ ______
contaminated microbes
proteins from the egg is what cause allergic reaction in some. T/F?
true
Viroids are extremely _____, and ____ in shape. They are pieces of ____
small, and circular in shape.
pieces of RNA
Viroids are infectious and pathogenic in ___
plants
Virioids are similar to RNA viruses but lack a ____
capsid
What can infect avocado, potato, cucumber, coconut palm?
Viroids
Proteinaceous infectious agents are known as
prions
Prions have ONE/NO nucleic acid?
none
Cellular PrP protein is a normal cytoplasmic membrane protein in ___ cells
brain
Prion PrP is the ___ causing form?
disease
spongiform encephalopathies are caused by?
_____ diseases
Prion diseases
BSE – Bovine spongiform encephalitis is commonly called?
mad cow
Prions are transmitted through ___ ____
infected tissue
Can prions be transmitted to other animals?
yes
Only destroyed by incineration or autoclaving in 1 N NaOH (strong alkali) What can only be killed this way?
Prions
Treatment for Prions?
none
