Chapter 22 Flashcards
WHat are among the most dfficult diseases to diagnose and treat?
Mycoses (fungal diseases)
Fungi are found __[a]__ in environments. and they can be aquired thru eating, breathing, and trauma. T/F?
a- everywhere
b-True
Most mycoses are not contagious with the major exception of _____
dermatophytes
Blastomyces coccidiodes histoplasma Paracoccidioides are four fungi that are ususally considered to be ______ ______
true pathogens
Candida albicans is opportunistic or a true pathogen?
opportunistic
The three clinical manifestations of fungal diseases?
Fungal infections, toxicoses, allergies
Of the three clinical manifestations, which is the most common? which is often the result of inhalation of fungal spores?
fungal infections are most commom,
allergies are caused by fungal spores
What factor is critical for diagnosis of most mycoses
patient history
Definitive diagnosis of fungal infections aoften require _____ analysis of the fungus involved
morphological
Fungal masses resemble _____ (a structure)
tumors
pulmonary fungal infections may resemble what other disease?
TB
Mycoses most difficult to heal because fungi often resist T cell mediated immune responses. Since fungi are biochemically similar to human cell, ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS OFTEN TARGET ______
ergosterol
Opportunistic infections require two step treatments in immunocompromised patients, first a [a]___ -____treatment to reduce [b]_____ then a [c] ___-___ maintenance therapy to control continuing [d]_____ and prevent new ones
a- high dose
b-pathogens
c-low dose
d- infections
An antifungal therapy: treatment for infections not responding to other treatments and more toxic to humans than most other treatments?
Amphotericin B/ 5-Fluorocytosine
Amphotericin B
Azoles are Fungistatic or Fungicidal?
FUngistatic
Systemic fungal diseases aquired through ______
inhilation
Systemic mycoses caused by pathogenic fungi are all _____
dimorphic
At environmental temps Mycelial thalli composed of ____. And at body temperatures they are ____ yeasts
a-hyphae
b-spherical yeasts
Which is the most common fungal PATHOGEN affecting humans? Coccidioides/Histoplasma
Histoplasma
Histoplasma causes which disease
histoplasmosis
Common source of histoplasma?
bat and bird droppings in soil
Does histoplasma cause systemic mycoses?
yes
Diagnosis of Histoplasmas include what two things?
distinctive budding yeasts and spiny spores
Amphotericin B is preferred drug for those who require treatment of which disease?
Histoplasmosis
Blastomyces cause which disease?
Blastomycosis
Blastomyces is common in _____ soils rich in ____ matter
damp soils
organic matter
Pulmonary blastomycosis can cause pulmonary _____ which are mostly aysymptomatic
lesion
Diagnosis of Blastomycosis is ______ in laboratory cultures. Dimorphism/No morphism
Dimorphism
Amphotericin B can also treat Blastomycosis? T/F
True
Coccidioidomycosis is mostly in SW US and is fungi in ____ soil
desert
Which Fungi grows as a mycelium and produces sturdy chains of asexual spores? Paracoccidioides/ Coccidioides?
Coccidioides
Coccidioidomycosis has a germinated spore that is _______.
parasitic
Coccidioidomycosis most commonly causes _____ conditions
pulmonary
Coccidioidomycosis is diagnosed by the identification of ____ in patient sample
spores
There is a skin test for Coccidioidomycosis? T/F
true
Prevention for Coccidioidomycosis?
face mask
Pneumocystis, candida, aspergillus, cryptococcus, mucor are 5 genera that are _______ fungi
opportunistic
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) part of normal ______ microbiota, most are exposed to it by age 5
respiratory
PCP is usually ______ in immunocompetent people
asymptomatic
PCP is very common is _____ (a disease) patients
AIDS
PCP Diagnosis includes distinctive ______ forms of fungus in smears from lung fliud or biopsied tissue
morphological
Treatment for PCP is primary and maintenance _____
therapy
treatment for PCP also includes anti-______ treatments
antiprotozoan
is Candida albicans a opportunistic pathogen or a member of normal microbiota?
normal microbiota
Which fungi can be transmitted between individuals during sex and childbirth?
Candida albicans
Vaginal yeast infections are a disease caused by which fungi?
candidiasis
Candidiasis can cause systemic disease but ususally only in _______ patients
immunocompromised
Demonstrations of clusters of budding yeasts and pseudohyphae (series of buds remaining attached to the parent cell and appearing as a filamentous hypha)
is a sure diagnosis for which fungi?
candidiasis
Treatment for candidiasis includes or oral candidiasis for kids and for vaginal infections _____ creams or oral ______
azole
fluconazole
Aspergillosis is caused by aspergillus which can be found throughout _____
the environment
Hypersensistivy aspergillosis and noninvasive aspergillomas: which manifests as asthma, may become chronic, and is the most common form of aspergillosis?
hypersensitivity
Hypersensistivy aspergillosis and noninvasive aspergillomas: which is a ball-like masses of fungal hyphae, and is usually asymptomatic?
Nonivasive aspergillomas
Systemic aspergillosis is invasion of ___ ____ systems which occurs in ____ patients
major organ
AIDS
Treatments of asperigillosis includes _____ medicines
allergy
For more invasive aspergillosis, _____ removal could occur
surgical
Crytococcus neoformans primarily affects ___ patients
AIDS
Cryptococcus neoformans is transmitted by inhalation of spores or dried yeast aerosols in ____ _____
bird droppings
Pulmonary cryptococcosis the primary form is usually _____ and the invasive form causes chronic ____
asymptomatic
pneumonia
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most _____ form of infection (of Crytococcals )
common
Presence of encapsulated yeast in cerebrospinal fluid
is a diagnosis for which fungi?
Cryptococcosis
Mucor and Rhizopus or Absidia are called Cryptococcus or Zygomycetes?
Zygomycetes
Rhizopus is classic ____ mold
bread
Zygomycoses are found in soil, _____ matter, or as contaminants causing ____ ____
decaying matter
food spoilage
Pulmonary zygomycosis follows the _____ of spores.
inhalation
Infection of the paranasal sinuses due to inhaled spores and spreads to mouth and nose this is Cutaneous zygomycosis/Rhinocerebral zygomycosis?
Rhinocerebral
This disease can invade blood vessels producing clots causing tissue death and can invade the brain- fatal within days. Cutaneous zygomycosis/ Mucor?
Mucor
Introduction of fungus through skin after trauma such as burns, needle punctures causing pustules, skin ulcers, abcesses, and dead patches of skin? Cutaneous zygomycosis/ Mucor?
cutaneous z
Treatment of Zygomycoses is intravenous ____?
Amphotericin B
What counts for most deaths associated with AIDS?
_____ fungal infections. (Pathogenic/Opportunist)
opportunists
Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, are three established/emerging pathogens?
emerging
Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, are especially problamatic for _____
AIDS patients
Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, Which of those produce toxins that accumulate when ingested with food, cause fungemia, and is resistant to ALL antifungals?
Fusarium
Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, which of those enters lungs and catheters, is drug resistant, and causes systemic disease that usually fatal?
Trichosporon
Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, which of those causes pulmonary disease after inhalation and is common in AIDS patients in SE Asia?
Penicillium marneffei
Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses are the most _____ reported fungal diseases. All opportunistic/pathogenic?
reported
opportunistic
Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses are spread how?
person to person
Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses: which are most common?
superficial
a Superficial mycoses called dermatophytoses is caused by dermatophytes previously called _____
ringworm
Dermatophytoses is transmitted how?
person to person
Treatment for dermatophytoses is _____ antifungals
topical
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses are caused by fungi found in ____. They enter through ____
soil
trauma
Saprobes live on ___ organisms
dead
Pseudallescheria, Exophiala are most common cutaneous and subcutaneous ascomytes in _____
USA
Treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses include ____ removal and possible ____
surgical
amputation
Prvention of cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses is wear
shoes
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses and is often called ___ ___ ____
rose gardners disease
Sporothrix schenckii is the causitive agent for Mycotoxicoses/Sporotrichosis?
Sporotrichosis
Mycotoxins are ____ ____
fungal toxins
Mycotoxicosis is a type of poisoning caused by ___ mycotoxins
eating
Aflatoxins is the most well know _____
mycotoxin
Aflatoxins is caused by Aspergillus. T/F
true
Most prevalent in the tropics due to subsistence farming, poor food-storage conditions, and warm, moist conditions that foster growth of fungus in harvested foods. Which toxin?
Alfatoxins
Mycotoxins can be used to make drugs? T/F
true
Mycetismus is ____ _____
mushroom poisoning
Amanita phalloides is known as The “death cap” mushroom because it produces the ____ ____ ____
Produces deadliest mushroom toxin
Ergot alkaloids are produced by Claviceps purpurea. These produce Ergometrine which is useful during labor because they stimulate ______. and then constrict the ____ _____
birth contractions
blood vessels
Ergotamine is used for treatment of?
headaches
Occur much less frequently
Type 1 or Type 3?: Result from chronic inhalation of particular fungal allergens, Allergens deep in lungs encounter antibodies, Form immune complexes in alveoli, cause inflammation, fibrosis, and death?
Type 3
Type 1 or Type 3?: is the Most common, IgE binds the allergen, Can result in asthma, eczema, hay fever, watery eyes and nose
Type 1
