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Microbiology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHat are among the most dfficult diseases to diagnose and treat?

A

Mycoses (fungal diseases)

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2
Q

Fungi are found __[a]__ in environments. and they can be aquired thru eating, breathing, and trauma. T/F?

A

a- everywhere

b-True

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3
Q

Most mycoses are not contagious with the major exception of _____

A

dermatophytes

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4
Q

Blastomyces coccidiodes histoplasma Paracoccidioides are four fungi that are ususally considered to be ______ ______

A

true pathogens

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5
Q

Candida albicans is opportunistic or a true pathogen?

A

opportunistic

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6
Q

The three clinical manifestations of fungal diseases?

A

Fungal infections, toxicoses, allergies

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7
Q

Of the three clinical manifestations, which is the most common? which is often the result of inhalation of fungal spores?

A

fungal infections are most commom,

allergies are caused by fungal spores

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8
Q

What factor is critical for diagnosis of most mycoses

A

patient history

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9
Q

Definitive diagnosis of fungal infections aoften require _____ analysis of the fungus involved

A

morphological

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10
Q

Fungal masses resemble _____ (a structure)

A

tumors

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11
Q

pulmonary fungal infections may resemble what other disease?

A

TB

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12
Q

Mycoses most difficult to heal because fungi often resist T cell mediated immune responses. Since fungi are biochemically similar to human cell, ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS OFTEN TARGET ______

A

ergosterol

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13
Q

Opportunistic infections require two step treatments in immunocompromised patients, first a [a]___ -____treatment to reduce [b]_____ then a [c] ___-___ maintenance therapy to control continuing [d]_____ and prevent new ones

A

a- high dose
b-pathogens
c-low dose
d- infections

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14
Q

An antifungal therapy: treatment for infections not responding to other treatments and more toxic to humans than most other treatments?
Amphotericin B/ 5-Fluorocytosine

A

Amphotericin B

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15
Q

Azoles are Fungistatic or Fungicidal?

A

FUngistatic

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16
Q

Systemic fungal diseases aquired through ______

A

inhilation

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17
Q

Systemic mycoses caused by pathogenic fungi are all _____

A

dimorphic

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18
Q

At environmental temps Mycelial thalli composed of ____. And at body temperatures they are ____ yeasts

A

a-hyphae

b-spherical yeasts

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19
Q

Which is the most common fungal PATHOGEN affecting humans? Coccidioides/Histoplasma

A

Histoplasma

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20
Q

Histoplasma causes which disease

A

histoplasmosis

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21
Q

Common source of histoplasma?

A

bat and bird droppings in soil

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22
Q

Does histoplasma cause systemic mycoses?

A

yes

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23
Q

Diagnosis of Histoplasmas include what two things?

A

distinctive budding yeasts and spiny spores

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24
Q

Amphotericin B is preferred drug for those who require treatment of which disease?

A

Histoplasmosis

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25
Q

Blastomyces cause which disease?

A

Blastomycosis

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26
Q

Blastomyces is common in _____ soils rich in ____ matter

A

damp soils

organic matter

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27
Q

Pulmonary blastomycosis can cause pulmonary _____ which are mostly aysymptomatic

A

lesion

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28
Q

Diagnosis of Blastomycosis is ______ in laboratory cultures. Dimorphism/No morphism

A

Dimorphism

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29
Q

Amphotericin B can also treat Blastomycosis? T/F

A

True

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30
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is mostly in SW US and is fungi in ____ soil

A

desert

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31
Q

Which Fungi grows as a mycelium and produces sturdy chains of asexual spores? Paracoccidioides/ Coccidioides?

A

Coccidioides

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32
Q

Coccidioidomycosis has a germinated spore that is _______.

A

parasitic

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33
Q

Coccidioidomycosis most commonly causes _____ conditions

A

pulmonary

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34
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is diagnosed by the identification of ____ in patient sample

A

spores

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35
Q

There is a skin test for Coccidioidomycosis? T/F

A

true

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36
Q

Prevention for Coccidioidomycosis?

A

face mask

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37
Q

Pneumocystis, candida, aspergillus, cryptococcus, mucor are 5 genera that are _______ fungi

A

opportunistic

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38
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) part of normal ______ microbiota, most are exposed to it by age 5

A

respiratory

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39
Q

PCP is usually ______ in immunocompetent people

A

asymptomatic

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40
Q

PCP is very common is _____ (a disease) patients

A

AIDS

41
Q

PCP Diagnosis includes distinctive ______ forms of fungus in smears from lung fliud or biopsied tissue

A

morphological

42
Q

Treatment for PCP is primary and maintenance _____

A

therapy

43
Q

treatment for PCP also includes anti-______ treatments

A

antiprotozoan

44
Q

is Candida albicans a opportunistic pathogen or a member of normal microbiota?

A

normal microbiota

45
Q

Which fungi can be transmitted between individuals during sex and childbirth?

A

Candida albicans

46
Q

Vaginal yeast infections are a disease caused by which fungi?

A

candidiasis

47
Q

Candidiasis can cause systemic disease but ususally only in _______ patients

A

immunocompromised

48
Q

Demonstrations of clusters of budding yeasts and pseudohyphae (series of buds remaining attached to the parent cell and appearing as a filamentous hypha)
is a sure diagnosis for which fungi?

A

candidiasis

49
Q

Treatment for candidiasis includes or oral candidiasis for kids and for vaginal infections _____ creams or oral ______

A

azole

fluconazole

50
Q

Aspergillosis is caused by aspergillus which can be found throughout _____

A

the environment

51
Q

Hypersensistivy aspergillosis and noninvasive aspergillomas: which manifests as asthma, may become chronic, and is the most common form of aspergillosis?

A

hypersensitivity

52
Q

Hypersensistivy aspergillosis and noninvasive aspergillomas: which is a ball-like masses of fungal hyphae, and is usually asymptomatic?

A

Nonivasive aspergillomas

53
Q

Systemic aspergillosis is invasion of ___ ____ systems which occurs in ____ patients

A

major organ

AIDS

54
Q

Treatments of asperigillosis includes _____ medicines

A

allergy

55
Q

For more invasive aspergillosis, _____ removal could occur

A

surgical

56
Q

Crytococcus neoformans primarily affects ___ patients

A

AIDS

57
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans is transmitted by inhalation of spores or dried yeast aerosols in ____ _____

A

bird droppings

58
Q

Pulmonary cryptococcosis the primary form is usually _____ and the invasive form causes chronic ____

A

asymptomatic

pneumonia

59
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis is the most _____ form of infection (of Crytococcals )

A

common

60
Q

Presence of encapsulated yeast in cerebrospinal fluid

is a diagnosis for which fungi?

A

Cryptococcosis

61
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus or Absidia are called Cryptococcus or Zygomycetes?

A

Zygomycetes

62
Q

Rhizopus is classic ____ mold

A

bread

63
Q

Zygomycoses are found in soil, _____ matter, or as contaminants causing ____ ____

A

decaying matter

food spoilage

64
Q

Pulmonary zygomycosis follows the _____ of spores.

A

inhalation

65
Q

Infection of the paranasal sinuses due to inhaled spores and spreads to mouth and nose this is Cutaneous zygomycosis/Rhinocerebral zygomycosis?

A

Rhinocerebral

66
Q

This disease can invade blood vessels producing clots causing tissue death and can invade the brain- fatal within days. Cutaneous zygomycosis/ Mucor?

A

Mucor

67
Q

Introduction of fungus through skin after trauma such as burns, needle punctures causing pustules, skin ulcers, abcesses, and dead patches of skin? Cutaneous zygomycosis/ Mucor?

A

cutaneous z

68
Q

Treatment of Zygomycoses is intravenous ____?

A

Amphotericin B

69
Q

What counts for most deaths associated with AIDS?

_____ fungal infections. (Pathogenic/Opportunist)

A

opportunists

70
Q

Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, are three established/emerging pathogens?

A

emerging

71
Q

Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, are especially problamatic for _____

A

AIDS patients

72
Q

Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, Which of those produce toxins that accumulate when ingested with food, cause fungemia, and is resistant to ALL antifungals?

A

Fusarium

73
Q

Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, which of those enters lungs and catheters, is drug resistant, and causes systemic disease that usually fatal?

A

Trichosporon

74
Q

Fusarium, Penicillium arneffei, trichosporon beigelii, which of those causes pulmonary disease after inhalation and is common in AIDS patients in SE Asia?

A

Penicillium marneffei

75
Q

Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses are the most _____ reported fungal diseases. All opportunistic/pathogenic?

A

reported

opportunistic

76
Q

Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses are spread how?

A

person to person

77
Q

Superficial, Cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses: which are most common?

A

superficial

78
Q

a Superficial mycoses called dermatophytoses is caused by dermatophytes previously called _____

A

ringworm

79
Q

Dermatophytoses is transmitted how?

A

person to person

80
Q

Treatment for dermatophytoses is _____ antifungals

A

topical

81
Q

Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses are caused by fungi found in ____. They enter through ____

A

soil

trauma

82
Q

Saprobes live on ___ organisms

A

dead

83
Q

Pseudallescheria, Exophiala are most common cutaneous and subcutaneous ascomytes in _____

A

USA

84
Q

Treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses include ____ removal and possible ____

A

surgical

amputation

85
Q

Prvention of cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses is wear

A

shoes

86
Q

Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses and is often called ___ ___ ____

A

rose gardners disease

87
Q

Sporothrix schenckii is the causitive agent for Mycotoxicoses/Sporotrichosis?

A

Sporotrichosis

88
Q

Mycotoxins are ____ ____

A

fungal toxins

89
Q

Mycotoxicosis is a type of poisoning caused by ___ mycotoxins

A

eating

90
Q

Aflatoxins is the most well know _____

A

mycotoxin

91
Q

Aflatoxins is caused by Aspergillus. T/F

A

true

92
Q

Most prevalent in the tropics due to subsistence farming, poor food-storage conditions, and warm, moist conditions that foster growth of fungus in harvested foods. Which toxin?

A

Alfatoxins

93
Q

Mycotoxins can be used to make drugs? T/F

A

true

94
Q

Mycetismus is ____ _____

A

mushroom poisoning

95
Q

Amanita phalloides is known as The “death cap” mushroom because it produces the ____ ____ ____

A

Produces deadliest mushroom toxin

96
Q

Ergot alkaloids are produced by Claviceps purpurea. These produce Ergometrine which is useful during labor because they stimulate ______. and then constrict the ____ _____

A

birth contractions

blood vessels

97
Q

Ergotamine is used for treatment of?

A

headaches

98
Q

Occur much less frequently
Type 1 or Type 3?: Result from chronic inhalation of particular fungal allergens, Allergens deep in lungs encounter antibodies, Form immune complexes in alveoli, cause inflammation, fibrosis, and death?

A

Type 3

99
Q

Type 1 or Type 3?: is the Most common, IgE binds the allergen, Can result in asthma, eczema, hay fever, watery eyes and nose

A

Type 1

Microbiology (10 decks)

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