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Vert Biodiversity > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

emarginations

A

post skull grooves for muscle attachment

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2
Q

testudines timeline

A

start late permian (thick ribs), shell forms and by late jurassic we get a modern turt

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3
Q

stem turtles

A

eunotosaurus (thick ribs), pappochelys (forms plastron), eorhynchochelys, odontochelys start to develop more carapace. first actual shell = proganochelys

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4
Q

carapace composition

A

dermal bone covered in keratin scutes, neural arches of vert are fused to it

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5
Q

plastron composition

A

gastralia, pectoral girdle, epidermal scutes

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6
Q

testudine breathing

A

contract muscles and squeeze viscera up to exhale, relax to inhale. cannot breathe when retracted. alt respiration: skin, cloaca, buccopharyngeal

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7
Q

posterior limiting membrane

A

the back of the turtle body cavity

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8
Q

when turtles cant breathe what happens

A

R-L cardiac shunt to bypass lungs

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9
Q

cryptodira

A

turtles with sagittal neck retraction

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10
Q

pleurodira

A

side-neck turtles

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11
Q

turtle life history

A

very slow. small ones mature 7-8 and live to 15, large are similar to humans. lay 5-100 eggs typically.

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12
Q

turtle fights

A

raise their heads to see who is the strongest. can hiss, roar

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13
Q

turtle courtship

A

have tactile, visual (like stripes), olfactory cues. subdentary gland in males. need female cooperation due to the mechanics of reproduction

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14
Q

turtle eggs/young

A

ESD. males are in cool weather OR medium (depends on spp). no parental care. young emerge all at once, coordinate w vibrations.

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15
Q

turtle senses

A

use magnetism, the waves, the light, and chemosensation to orient themselves and know home beach.

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16
Q

archosauria

A

includes crocs, birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. trend towards parasagittal gait and bipedalism

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17
Q

archosaur synapomorphies

A

antorbital fenestration, thecodont dentition, 4th trocanter on femur (for bipedalism muscle), loss of palatal teeth

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18
Q

pseudosuchia

A

crocodilians. have crurotarsal/crocodyloid ankle where joint is btwn calcaneus and astragalus. allows erect or sprawling posture

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19
Q

avemetatarsalia

A

lineage that includes birds, non-avian dinos, pterosaurs. bends ankle btwn tarsals and metatarsals. convergent with mammals

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20
Q

phytosaurs

A

convergent body plan with crocodylians in triassic-jurassic, their nostrils are close to eyes instead of being at the end of snout

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21
Q

early crocodylomorpha time

A

jurassic-cretaceous. longer hindlimbs, somewhat bipedal, thinner

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22
Q

cretaceous stem crocs

A

some were massive, some aquatic, araripesuchus = galloping crocodile

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23
Q

modern crocodylians

A

alligatoridae, crocodilidae, gavialidae

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24
Q

ghara

A

bulbous noses on male gharials, used to hiss

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25
Q

crocodilian locomotion

A

erect or sprawling posture, pelvic girdle is not firmly fused to the spine so pressure with back limbs is difficult and hindlimbs only steer when swimming while tail is a paddle

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26
Q

crocodilian dentition

A

thecodont, homodont, polyphyodont

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27
Q

croc jaws

A

strong bite force, jaw muscle behind head = ventral pterygoidus (4000 lbs bite force)

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28
Q

croc predation strat

A

ambush predators. inertial feeding. death roll to tear pieces off large prey

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29
Q

foramen of panizza mechanism

A

pressure from blood pumping out of left side usually keeps blood from entering thru hole, when this pressure dec the deoxy blood can shunt into system. also when the circuit switches the cog tooth valve closes the pulmonary artery forcing R side to system

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30
Q

croc respiration

A

assistance from hepatic piston pump. diaphragmatic muscle pulls liver back to inhale, abdominals push it forward for exhale

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31
Q

croc courtship

A

males are territorial esp. gharials, use vocalizations inc. subsonic and water movement to attract, tactile signals during mating like jaw rubbing.

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32
Q

croc eggs

A

lay in mud/debris nests or holes, 25-90 eggs. usually female will guard, sometimes its both parents. ESD (males are warm) vegetation provides eggs with heat. hatchlings stay with mom for like 2 years. parents will dig out nest, and everyone but gharials carries young to the water

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33
Q

phylogenetic bracketing

A

placing a specimen btwn known relatives to infer things about its life history

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34
Q

pterosauromorpha

A

in avemetatarsalia. start late triassic, end end cretaceous. early were small and 1st flying verts, get up to 11m long later.

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35
Q

pterosaur and bird convergence

A

pneumatized bones, big brains, good vision and balance, large muscles, lost/reduced tail and teeth, maybe endothermy, sexually dimorphic displays

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36
Q

pycnofibers

A

feather-like covering of pterosaurs. i say same thing

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37
Q

pterosaur wings

A

main part is extended 4th digit and the other 3 are a claw in the middle (used for walking on all 4s)

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38
Q

membranes on pterosaur

A

main wing - cheiropatagium, wrist-neck - propatagium, btwn legs - cruropatagium

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39
Q

pterosaur diet

A

in jurassic insectivores, filter feeders, piscivores, become predatory by cretaceous

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40
Q

pterosaur sex/reproduction

A

sexually dimorphic bone or keratin crests, laid flexible eggs

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41
Q

dinosauria timeline

A

paraphyletic (needs birds). all oviparous. earliest were 240 mya (triassic), small, bipedal, predatory. did not become big until jurassic, died out KT

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42
Q

dinosauromorpha synapomorphy

A

offset head of femur

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43
Q

dinosauria synapomorphy

A

perforated acetabulum

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44
Q

ornithischia

A

bird hipped dinosaurs (pubis shifts back). includes ceratops, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs

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45
Q

saurischia

A

lizard hipped dinos (pubis has extension back but still faces forward). includes sauropods and theropods (inc. birds)

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46
Q

how to infer endothermy from fossils

A

4-chambered heart, large size, no insulation

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47
Q

mesothermy

A

being somewhat heated due to residual heat from muscles moving due to large size

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48
Q

thermal gigantism

A

tendency of large animals to generate and retain heat due to size

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49
Q

social behavior inferred from fossils

A

horns/crests used for defense, combat, displays, communication. also had herds

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50
Q

dinosaur parental care

A

incubated eggs, communal nests, cared for young, creche

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51
Q

creche

A

when a parent guards multiple nests

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52
Q

ornithiscia groups

A

thyreophora, neornithischia

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53
Q

thyreophora

A

“shield bearer” with keeled osteoderms, group of ornithiscianss inc ankylosaurs (herbivores, Jurassic-Cretaceous), stegosaurs (keratinous beak, gastroliths, thagomizer, plates used for thermoreg etc ??)

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54
Q

neornithischia (groups and synapomorphy

A

asymmetrical enamel on teeth w/ cutting edge. inc. ornithopoda and marginocephalia

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55
Q

ornithopoda

A

bird feet. neornithischia. bipedal, inc. iguanodon, hadrosaurs (duck-billed, sexually dimorphic hollow crest that resonates sounds)

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56
Q

marginocephalia

A

synapomorphy = occipital shelf of bone, inc. pachycephalosaurs (domed heads for bashing), ceratops (beaks and teeth, frills from bone), psittacosaurs

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57
Q

sauropodamorpha + synapomorphies

A

in saurischia, synapomorphies = ten cervical vert, long necks. early = small, light, some were bipedal (late triassic)

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58
Q

sauropods

A

jurassic-cretaceous. 90 genera, up to 30m and 40000 kg, long necks, weight mostly on hindlegs, tail carried as counterweight, neural arches had ligament also to distribute bodyweight across spine. convergent pneumatized skeleton. long neck for feeding or sexual selection (tortoise fight)

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59
Q

theropods + synapomorphies

A

bipedal predators in saurischia. synapomorphies: ziphodont dentition (serrated edges), maxillary fenestra, grasping hands, air sacs, furcula. inc herrerasaurus, dilophosaurus, allosaurus, spinosaurus, coelosaurs (trex), raptors,

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60
Q

tetanura

A

group in therapoda inc everything after dilophosaurs. four fingers, teeth limited to front of jaw

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61
Q

coelosaurs

A

group in therapoda t-rex and everything after. bigger brains, narrower feet.

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62
Q

tyrannosauroidea

A

small, light, long limbs in jurassic, eventually big in cretaceous

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63
Q

ornithomimidae

A

group in theropoda with feathers (first REAL feathers), small skull, long neck, convergent bill, inc. deinocheirus (they thought his hands were evil…). sister to maniraptors (branches off before them)

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64
Q

maniraptora + traits

A

everyone after ornithomimidae. long arms, flexible wrists, feathers - extra long on limbs and tail. some had limb reduction, beaks, herbivory

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65
Q

paraves + synapomorphies

A

inc. raptors, deinonychosaurs (close to raptor) and aviale. synapomorphies: long hands w claws, asymmetrical wing feathers, hindfoot sickle claws, bird pelvis.

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66
Q

cretaceous birds and pterosaurs

A

birds did small pterosaurs did big

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67
Q

feather origin

A

unknown! if pycnofibers and ornithiscians homologous to actual feathers, 240 mya

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68
Q

flight theories

A

trees-down (gliding), ground up (clapping prey capture), assisted incline (could go up very steep slopes), exaptation (flapping motion coopted for flight the normal running movement)

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69
Q

mosaic evolution

A

previous traits coalesce to new ability

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70
Q

exaptations for powered flight in birds

A

furcula, big brain, big eyes, feathers, long limbs, asymmetric arm feathers

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71
Q

avialae

A

group with modern birds, archeopteryx, and enantiornithes had reduced number of caudal verts. starts late jurassic

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72
Q

archeopteryx

A

avialan late jurassic. reduced tail, long arms, asymmetrical feathers, powered flight.

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73
Q

confuciusornis

A

1st appearance of pygostyle, 125 mya (early cretaceous). beak with no teeth

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74
Q

enantiornithes

A

lineage that died out parallel to birds (died during KT) - sister to neornithes, their scapula/coracoid joint is the reverse of modern birds (get big keel)

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75
Q

ornithurines

A

group in cretaceous that leads to modern birds (birds and closest relatives - ichthyornithes. )

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76
Q

ichthyornithiformes

A

stem water birds in ornithurines, 95-83 mya (mid cretaceous), shorter tail, deeper keel, center of gravity shifts foward

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77
Q

neornithes + synapomorphies

A

modern birds, aka aves. get synsacrum, carpometacarpals, edentous beak. 11k spp

78
Q

flight mechanics

A

down stroke creates low pressure above wing, minimizes drag on upstroke by feathers turning to let air pass through. lift is generated by low pressure above, high below

79
Q

flight muscles

A

downstroke is pectoralis major, upstroke is supracoracoideus

80
Q

physiology adapted for flight

A

high metabolism (40 degree temp), efficient metabolism and respiration - cross-current flow at lungs, unidirectional flow with air sacs,

81
Q

air sac info

A

9, some anterior and posterior. lungs dont really change in volume. 2 cycles (in/out) to bring 1 unit of air thru all chambers. rocking of sternum assists air flow

82
Q

bird hearts

A

1.5-2x size of mammals, 150-350 bpm

83
Q

crop

A

pouch at base of bird esophagous, for storing food and in some spp secreting “crop milk” (columbiformes, flamingoes)

84
Q

proventriculus

A

1st part of bird stomach, secretes stomach acid

85
Q

gizzard

A

2nd part of bird stomach, in some. thick-walled, stores gizzard stones for mechanical digestion

86
Q

bird gonads

A

usually unpaired to save weight, enlarge 30x size during breeding szn to save weight rest of year, only paleognaths and ducks have intromittent, the rest use cloacal kiss/ protuberance for sperm conduction only during mating season

87
Q

bird mating systems

A

diverse, many have prolonged interaction, sexual dimorphism, mating displays. show monogamy, polyandry, polygyny.

88
Q

bird nests

A

can be simple (or none) or complex. made of sticks, mud, spit, stones, trash, and some are cavity nesters

89
Q

bird parental care

A

all lay hard eggs. brood eggs and young, feed and defend, could be either parent or both. some have brood patches where feathers are lost and more capillaries develop to warm eggs/young better. most are altricial, paleognaths precocial

90
Q

bird sex determination

A

WW/WZ

91
Q

paleognathae

A

flat sternum, reduced wings. flightless except tinamous. inc emu, ostrich, rheas

92
Q

neognathae

A

galloanserae and neoaves

93
Q

galloanserae

A

galliformes and anseriformes, the fowl

94
Q

neoaves

A

inc every birds after anseriformes. aequornithes, shorebirds, telluraves, and assorted groups

95
Q

caprimulgiformes

A

nightjars. PARAPHYLETIC bc it branches off before apodiformes.

96
Q

apodiformes

A

hummingbirds, swifts

97
Q

mirandornithes

A

flamingoes, grebes

98
Q

columbiformes

A

pigeons, doves, dodo

99
Q

gruiformes

A

cranes, coots

100
Q

aequornithes

A

monophyletic group inc. procellariformes, sphenisciformes, pelecaniformes, gaviiformes, suliformes, ciconiiformes

101
Q

charadriiformes

A

shorebirds. gulls, plovers, puffins

102
Q

telluraves

A

passerines, parrots, owls, raptors, piciformes

103
Q

raptorial bird groups

A

accipitriformes, strigiformes, falconiformes. hooked beaks, binocular vision

104
Q

psittaciformes

A

parrots. herbivores, cavity nesters

105
Q

passeriformes

A

more than 60% of spp. passeri = most, tyranni = flycatchers. biparental care, altricial young

106
Q

birdsong mechanism and why

A

syrinx vibrates tympaniform membrane. breeding males will sing, for species ID, reproductive status, quality, territory

107
Q

song learning

A

learn from parents. can be closed-ended (must learn as a child) or open-ended (can change song as an adult)

108
Q

synapsid skull changes

A

lose PO bar, fenestration is connected to orbit, this fenestration keeps growing to accommodate more muscle. lower bar flares out to form zygomatic arch, close parietal eye gradually. dentition gets more heterodont, molars get more cusped and multiple roots

109
Q

synapsid role over time

A

dominant in permian and early triassic, get small (become actual mammals also) in jurassic until KT when they are larger and dominant again

110
Q

pelycosaurs

A

first synapsid radiation (paraphyletic), diverse. mid carboniferous-midpermian. small were insectivores, some larger herbivores and very large carnivores. dimetridon was a sail-backed carnivore, and there was an independently sailbacked herbivorous spp.

111
Q

therapsida + synapomorphies

A

second radiation (also includes some cynodonts in radiation). synapomorphies: larger temporal fenestra, heterodont dentition, enlarged choanae, better neck and limb mobility, soft tissue secondary palate.

112
Q

second radiation of mammals

A

includes therapsids (para) which include dicynodonts and theriodonts, and cynodonts (para)

113
Q

dicynodonts

A

NOT cynodonts. “therapsids” in second radiation. late permian/early triassic. herbivory, beaks, lower jaw grinding

114
Q

theriodonts

A

in second radiation, had coranoid process, flange on lower jaw, increased temporal fenestra, predatory and some were sabertooth. look like a dogy.

115
Q

cynodontia + synapomorphies

A

“dog tooth”, part of 2nd radiation. synapomorphies: multicuspid molars, cartilage or bone nasal turbinates, bony secondary palate. had large and small herbivores and carnivores but died out early jurassic

116
Q

mammalia + skull changes

A

3rd radiation of synapsids, had split lineages by late triassic. increase PO fenestration, zygomatic arches, lose parietal foramen bc it is not needed for endotherms, int choanae and secondary palate move back, dentary takes over lower jaw (now whole jaw has teeth). quadrate and articular become incus and malleus, articulation is dentary-squamosal.

117
Q

limb and axial skeleton changes over synapsid evolution

A

sprawling to under body. girdles lighter, more flexible, more attached to the spine to promote movement, ankle flexibility inc and foot size dec. cynodonts start losing some ribs to inc flexibility. therapsids on reduce tail

118
Q

stem mammalia

A

small, insectivorous, enlarged forebrain, nocturnal, good smell. poor fossil record due to size

119
Q

monotremata characteristics

A

order of momotremes. “one hole”. electroreception, venom, 4 headed penis (2 used at a time), 2 uteri, leathery eggs, 1-3 eggs incubated in a pseudopouch

120
Q

theria

A

subclass containing clades metatheria and eutheria

121
Q

mammalia synapomorphies

A

hair, mammary glands, dentary-squamosal articulation, 3 ear ossicles, endothermy, brain enlargement, cheek teeth with divided roots, tooth occlusion, rotary mastication,

122
Q

sebaceous glands

A

on hair, secretes waxy substance

123
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

produce the liquid part of sweat

124
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

produce chemical components of sweat

125
Q

where did breast milk maybe evolve and why

A

apocrine, maybe antimicrobial becomes nutritive via mutation

126
Q

lactation relaxes pressure for

A

paternal care, seasonal breeding, allows altriciality

127
Q

milk ridges

A

where nipples appear in eutherians

128
Q

half-nipple rule

A

in eutheria average clutch size = 1/2 number of nipples

129
Q

facial expressions

A

adapted from muscles needed for suckling.

130
Q

mammalia physiology/integument

A

4-chambered heart, costal ventilation and diaphragm (up when relaxed), insulated by fur or blubber, hair starts sensory and becomes insulation, lost scales, keratinous claws/nails, hooves, horns, GSD (weird for monotremes)

131
Q

theria synapomorphies

A

nipples, viviparity, separate anus and genitals, skull changes for bounding

132
Q

diastema

A

gap btwn incisors and cheek teeth

133
Q

marsupial vaginas

A

3 tubes, sides for sperm and middle for baby to come out. ureters pass through the fork.

134
Q

marsupial birth

A

after 4-5 weeks babies have basically head and forelimbs, crawl to pouch and spend several months.

135
Q

marsupium

A

pouch, sphincter muscles close it. can be ventral, top or bottom opening

136
Q

embryonic diapause

A

kangaroos can have a baby in stasis in uterus, one suckling, and one joey out of the pouch at the same time. suckling baby recieves diff milk than joey.

137
Q

ameridelphia

A

paraphyletic marsupial group inc. didelphimorphs (opossums, 111 spp, opposable digit, omnivorous). and paucituberculata (shrew opossums, 7 spp in andes, insectivores)

138
Q

marsupial biogeography

A

traveled south from N america to australia, diverged along the way

139
Q

australodelphia

A

paraphyletic marsupial group with diprotodontia (phalangeroidea, vombatiformes, petauroidea, macropodiformes)

140
Q

diprotodontia groups and features

A

australian marsupials, have large lower jaw incisors and syndactyly (2nd and 3rd digit fused w 2 nails). inc phalangeroidea, vombatiformes, petauroidea, macropodiformes

141
Q

phalangeroidea

A

arborial marsupial group in diprotodontia. cuscuses and brushtail possums

142
Q

vombatiformes

A

marsupial group in diprotodontia with herbivorous koalas and wombats (3 spp)

143
Q

petauroidea

A

marsupial group in diprotodontia. sugar gliders and possums (nocturnal)

144
Q

macropodiformes

A

marsupial group in diprotodontia. inc. kangaroos, wallabies, potoroos. herbivores, have 4 molars and die when they wear down. lmao?

145
Q

eutheria synapomorphies

A

corpus callosum (integrates L and R brain), midline vagina and penis, intrauterine gestation is looong

146
Q

eutherian uteri

A

some duplex (2 cervices) = lagomorphs, rodents, elephants; some bipartite (paired but same cervix) = ungulates, whales, carnivores; simplex (fused) = primates, armadillos

147
Q

choriovitelline placenta

A

yolk sac/chorion fusion that nourishes therians in early development, this is the only placenta that metatherians have.

148
Q

chorioallantoic placenta

A

blood vessels go deeper into uterine wall, second placenta to develop for long-term nutrients. only in eutherians.

149
Q

external testes theories

A

body heat too hot? bounding crushes them? sexual selection? none of them are good. marsupials have them in front of penis

150
Q

cenozoic temperature patterns

A

hothouse world in paleocene/eocene, then oligocene it drops and icehouse world,,, 1 mya ice ages cycle in and out constantly, sea level shrink from glaciers and we get land bridges!! (pleistocene).

151
Q

GABI

A

great american biotic interchange; animals moved N and S, those who moved south did better (for megafauna and temperature reasons) 2.6 mya (holocene)

152
Q

megafauna

A

big in pleistocene, 30% died 11000 ya due to overkill or climate change

153
Q

mammal diversification

A

p much after KT boundary

154
Q

most abundant mammals

A

40% rodents, 20% bats

155
Q

atlantogenata

A

southern origin eutherian group, afrotheria and xenarthra

156
Q

afrotheria

A

eutherians with 60my of isolation in Africa. inc. afroinsectiphilia and paenungulata

157
Q

afroinsectiphilia

A

group in afrotheria, inc. tubulidentata (aardvark), afrosoricida (50 spp, tenrecs and golden moles), macroscelida (20 spp, elephant shrews)

158
Q

paenungulata

A

hydracoidea (hyraxes, 5 spp), sirenia (5 spp, manatees), proboscoidea (3spp) all herbivores, hindgut fermenters

159
Q

foregut fermentation

A

stomach chambers have fermentation bacteria, often ruminate.

160
Q

hindgut fermentation

A

cecum (after small intestine) has fermentation bacteria. this is less efficient so they eat all the time or eat their poop.

161
Q

xenarthra

A

group in atlantogenata with anteaters, sloths, armadillos (21 spp) diverged 59 mya. synapomorphies = xenarthrous processes on spine, internal testes, low metabolic rate

162
Q

boreoeutheria

A

group of slightly northern eutherians, inc. euarchontoglires and laurasiatheria

163
Q

euarchontoglires

A

boreotherian mammal group. glires = herbivorous, widespread, rodentia (incisors, 2277 spp) and lagomorpha (like 80 spp, peg teeth, coprophagy); euarchonta = scadentia (tree shrews in SE asia, 20 spp, big brains), dermoptera (SE asia, sister to primates - colugo), primates.

164
Q

strepsirrhini

A

lemurs etc in primates = wet nose

165
Q

haplorhini

A

the primates past the tarsiers

166
Q

platyrrhini

A

flat nosed new world monkeys. have wide nose, round nostrils, arboreal, prehensile tail, even-sized limbs, small body size

167
Q

catarrhini

A

forward noses, old world monkeys and apes. nostrils point down, long hindlimbs, have butts, non-prehensile tails, medium/large size

168
Q

apes

A

inc. gibbons and great apes (split 13 mya)

169
Q

laurasiatheria

A

group in boreotheria inc. eulipotyphla, chiroptera, ferungulata

170
Q

eulipotyphla

A

small invert diet, spiky teeth. inc hedgehogs (43 spp), moles (46 spp), shrews (385 spp)

171
Q

chiroptera

A

1240 spp. insectivorous, fruit, small inverts etc; megachiroptera inc fruit bats etc and microchiroptera echolocate (or maybe paraphyletic)

172
Q

echolocation in bats

A

ultrasound from larynx, listen to time delay btwn ears to find objects

173
Q

ferungulata

A

laurasiatherian group inc. ferae (carnivora and pholidota) and ungulates (artiodactyla and perissodactyla)

174
Q

ferae

A

carnivora - 260 spp, carnassials, predation, diversity with hypercarnivores, omnivores, herbivores, piscivores. pholidota = pangolins, 8 spp. tropical, scales are made of hair, no teeth, long claws.

175
Q

ungulata

A

perissodactyls = horses (1 toe), rhinos (3), hindgut fermenters, mesaxonic. artiodactyls = 2 toes, foregut fermenters mostly, include cetaceans, paraxonic.

176
Q

mesaxonic

A

weight is on 1 toe (perissodactyla)

177
Q

paraxonic

A

weight is shared btwn 2 toes (artiodactyla)

178
Q

cetaceans

A

from artiodactyls, nares moves up to be blowhole so no nose, poor vision, good hearing. inc. odontocetes (toothed whales = echolocation, homodont teeth like dolphins, beluga, sperm whales), mysticetes (baleen whales, really giant; blue, humpback)

179
Q

who is a “therapsid”

A

dicynodonts, theriodonts

180
Q

who is in monophyletic therapsida

A

EVERYONE up to modern mammals after the 2nd radiation

181
Q

who is a “cynodont”

A

the extinct members of that part of the 2nd radiation

182
Q

who is in monophyletic cynodontia

A

everyone after the first cynodonts.

183
Q

crurotarsal ankles

A

aka crocodyloid. definitive of pseudosuchia.

184
Q

mesotarsal ankles

A

definitive of avemetatarsalia.

185
Q

deinonychosauria

A

non-avialan group in paraves

186
Q

diapsida

A

extant reptiles

187
Q

sauropsida

A

extinct ancestors and extant reptiles

188
Q

reptilia

A

includes some but not all sauropsid ancestors.

189
Q

“divided” heart sections (turtles)

A

divided ventricle, blood goes lungs, cavum arteriosum(L), L ventricle, body, cavum pulmonale (R), R ventricle, back to lungs

190
Q

stapes

A

in ear in mammals, used to be hyomandibula in fish

Vert Biodiversity (12 decks)

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