Test 3

Question 1

emarginations

Answer 1

post skull grooves for muscle attachment

Question 2

testudines timeline

Answer 2

start late permian (thick ribs), shell forms and by late jurassic we get a modern turt

Question 3

stem turtles

Answer 3

eunotosaurus (thick ribs), pappochelys (forms plastron), eorhynchochelys, odontochelys start to develop more carapace. first actual shell = proganochelys

Question 4

carapace composition

Answer 4

dermal bone covered in keratin scutes, neural arches of vert are fused to it

Question 5

plastron composition

Answer 5

gastralia, pectoral girdle, epidermal scutes

Question 6

testudine breathing

Answer 6

contract muscles and squeeze viscera up to exhale, relax to inhale. cannot breathe when retracted. alt respiration: skin, cloaca, buccopharyngeal

Question 7

posterior limiting membrane

Answer 7

the back of the turtle body cavity

Question 8

when turtles cant breathe what happens

Answer 8

R-L cardiac shunt to bypass lungs

Question 9

cryptodira

Answer 9

turtles with sagittal neck retraction

Question 10

pleurodira

Answer 10

side-neck turtles

Question 11

turtle life history

Answer 11

very slow. small ones mature 7-8 and live to 15, large are similar to humans. lay 5-100 eggs typically.

Question 12

turtle fights

Answer 12

raise their heads to see who is the strongest. can hiss, roar

Question 13

turtle courtship

Answer 13

have tactile, visual (like stripes), olfactory cues. subdentary gland in males. need female cooperation due to the mechanics of reproduction

Question 14

turtle eggs

Answer 14

ESD. males are in cool weather OR medium (depends on spp). no parental care. young emerge all at once, coordinate w vibrations.

Question 15

turtle senses

Answer 15

use magnetism, the waves, the light, and chemosensation to orient themselves and know home beach.

Question 16

archosauria

Answer 16

includes crocs, birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. trend towards parasagittal gait and bipedalism

Question 17

archosaur synapomorphies

Answer 17

antorbital fenestration, thecodont dentition, 4th trocanter on femur (for bipedalism muscle), loss of palatal teeth

Question 18

pseudosuchia

Answer 18

crocodilians. have crurotarsal/crocodyloid ankle where joint is btwn calcaneus and astragalus. allows erect or sprawling posture

Question 19

avemetatarsalia

Answer 19

lineage that includes birds, non-avian dinos, pterosaurs. bends ankle btwn tarsals and metatarsals. convergent with mammals

Question 20

phytosaurs

Answer 20

convergent body plan with crocodylians in triassic-jurassic, their nostrils are close to eyes instead of being at the end of snout

Question 21

crocodylomorpha

Answer 21

mesozoic-cretaceous. longer hindlimbs, somewhat bipedal, thinner

Question 22

cretaceous stem crocs

Answer 22

some were massive, some aquatic, araripesuchus = galloping crocodile

Question 23

modern crocodylians

Answer 23

alligatoridae, crocodilidae, gavialidae

Question 24

ghara

Answer 24

bulbous noses on male gharials, used to hiss

Question 25

crocodilian locomotion

Answer 25

erect or sprawling posture, pelvic girdle is not firmly fused to the spine so pressure with back limbs is difficult and hindlimbs only steer when swimming while tail is a paddle

Question 26

crocodilian dentition

Answer 26

thecodont, homodont, polyphyodont

Question 27

croc jaws

Answer 27

strong bite force, jaw muscle behind head = ventral pterygoidus (4000 lbs bite force)

Question 28

croc predation strat

Answer 28

ambush predators. inertial feeding. death roll to tear pieces off large prey

Question 29

foramen of panizza mechanism

Answer 29

pressure from blood pumping out of left side usually keeps blood from entering thru hole, when this pressure dec the deoxy blood can shunt into system. also when the circuit switches the cog tooth valve closes the pulmonary artery forcing R side to system

Question 30

croc respiration

Answer 30

assistance from hepatic piston pump. diaphragmatic muscle pulls liver back to inhale, abdominals push it forward for exhale

Question 31

croc courtship

Answer 31

males are territorial esp. gharials, use vocalizations inc. subsonic and water movement to attract, tactile signals during mating like jaw rubbing.

Question 32

croc eggs

Answer 32

lay in mud/debris nests or holes, 25-90 eggs. usually female will guard, sometimes its both parents. ESD (males are warm) vegetation provides eggs with heat. hatchlings stay with mom for like 2 years. parents will dig out nest, and everyone but gharials carries young to the water

Question 33

phylogenetic bracketing

Answer 33

placing a specimen btwn known relatives to infer things about its life history

Question 34

pterosauromorpha

Answer 34

in avemetatarsalia. start late triassic, end end cretaceous. early were small and 1st flying verts, get up to 11m long later.

Question 35

pterosaur and bird convergence

Answer 35

pneumatized bones, big brains, good vision and balance, large muscles, lost/reduced tail and teeth, maybe endothermy, sexually dimorphic displays

Question 36

pycnofibers

Answer 36

feather-like covering of pterosaurs. i say same thing

Question 37

pterosaur wings

Answer 37

main part is extended 4th digit and the other 3 are a claw in the middle (used for walking on all 4s)

Question 38

membranes on pterosaur

Answer 38

main wing - cheiropatagium, wrist-neck - propatagium, btwn legs - cruropatagium

Question 39

pterosaur diet

Answer 39

in jurassic insectivores, filter feeders, piscivores, become predatory by cretaceous

Question 40

pterosaur sex/reproduction

Answer 40

sexually dimorphic bone or keratin crests, laid flexible eggs

Question 41

dinosauria

Answer 41

paraphyletic (needs birds). all oviparous. earliest were 240 mys, small, bipedal, predatory. did not become big until jurassic

Question 42

dinosauromorpha synapomorphy

Answer 42

offset head of femur

Question 43

dinosauria synapomorphy

Answer 43

perforated acetabulum

Question 44

ornithischia

Answer 44

bird hipped dinosaurs (pubis shifts back). includes ceratops, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs

Question 45

saurischia

Answer 45

lizard hipped dinos (pubis has extension back but still faces forward). includes sauropods and theropods (inc. birds)