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Vert Biodiversity > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cladistics

A

uses relatedness to form phylogenetic trees

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

system of nomenclature that classifies some groups not based on monophyly or group size

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3
Q

ostracoderms

A

paraphyletic group - extinct, sister of jawed vertebrates

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4
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral trait among extant spp (condition of common ancestor, not reversal)

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5
Q

apomorphy

A

derived form of the ancestral trait - gives us synapomorphy when this develops in one ancestor for a branch of the tree

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6
Q

homoplasy

A

convergent evolution leads to same trait (not common ancestral, ie. wings)

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7
Q

autapomorphy

A

derived trait in a single lineage

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8
Q

eusthenopteron

A

fish with tetrapod characteristics but no limbs

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9
Q

when do vertebrates appear

A

phanerazoic eon

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10
Q

fossil time division hierarchy

A

eons > eras > periods

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10
Q

Periods in the paleozoic era

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

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11
Q

Periods in the mesozoic era

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

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12
Q

Periods in the Cenozoic era

A

Tertiary, Quaternary

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13
Q

Cambrian Period

A

541-485 mya. Explosion of diversifying multicellular life

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14
Q

Ordovician Period

A

485-444 mya, diversification of marine orgs

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15
Q

Silurian Period

A

444-419 mya, plants and arthropods move onto land

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16
Q

Devonian period

A

419-359 mya, age of fishes, tetrapods move to land!!

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17
Q

Carboniferous Period

A

359-299 mya, amniotes and big swamps (carbon deposits)

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18
Q

Permian Period

A

299-252 mya.. diversification of ancestral mammals and reptiles,, until the extinction. bad. 96% of spp extinct. due to big big volcanoes and global cooling and sea level change

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19
Q

Triassic Period

A

252-201 mya. diversification of reptiles to dinos, and the first actual mammals

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20
Q

Jurassic Period

A

201-145 mya. dinosaurs, 1st pterosaurs, lizards

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21
Q

Cretaceous Period

A

145-66 mya, most of the big dinos, snakes are invented. then… extinction sad face

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22
Q

K-T boundary

A

the meteorite… in Yucatan peninsula. Killed 76% of spp, mostly large ones.

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23
Q

Tertiary Period

A

66-2.6 mya, modern terrestrial verts start up

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24
Q

Quaternary Period

A

2.6 mya - now. homonids, and megafauna and the ice agesss

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25
Q

Triploblasts/bilaterians

A

has bilateral symmetry and “tube within a tube” body plan which necessitates 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) thus triploblast.

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26
Q

ectoderm forms..

A

skin, nervous system, sense organs

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27
Q

mesoderm forms..

A

muscle, RBCs, skeleton, circulatory system, urogenital

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28
Q

endoderm forms..

A

digestive system, endocrine stuff, lung cells

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29
Q

blastopore

A

the hole that forms when invagination of endoderm starts during gastrulation (forms anus in the deuterostomes)

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30
Q

protostomes vs deuterostomes

A
  1. anus/mouth (proto- has mouth from blastopore, deutero has anus) and 2. the nerve cord is dorsal to the gi tract in deutero while it is ventral in protostomes (think shrimp)
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31
Q

characteristics of chordates

A

dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and endostyle/thyroid

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32
Q

endostyle

A

homologous to thyroid, groove at bottom of pharynx with cilia that secretes mucus and pushes food into body

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33
Q

what makes chordate pharyngeal slits unique

A

mesodermal supports between slits

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34
Q

ambulacraria

A

clade that is sister to chordates. includes echinoderma and hemichordata (these are PHYLA)

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35
Q

hemichordata

A

phylum that includes acorn worms (burrowing) and pterobranchs (sessile) with homologous pharyngeal baskets to chordates and a special collar (nerve cord) with a different origin.

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36
Q

echinodermata

A

phylum that secondarily lost pharyngeal slits and became radial. includes starfish, sea urchins etc

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37
Q

salp

A

free-floating colony of urochordates

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38
Q

when did vertebrates emerge

A

it’s ??? but between 900 and 542 mya

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39
Q

pikaia

A

early chordate from Burgess Shale, 505-510 mya. cephalochordate ancestor with myomeres and notochord but no gills.

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40
Q

Haikouella

A

2 spp, close to vertebrate. from 530 mya found in china. has all the requirements and myomeres, brain, heart, eyes

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41
Q

Opabinia

A

the 5 eyed shrimp thing from 500 mya with a claw proboscis on his headdd

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42
Q

bilaterians

A

protostomes and deuterostomes (all are just clades)

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43
Q

split btwn cyclostomes and gnathostomes

A

500 mya

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44
Q

vertebrate synapomorphies

A

hox gene duplication, neural crest cells, (maybe) mineralized tissue, keratin, dorsal fin, tripartite brain, closed circulatory system (single-circuit), gill slits skeletal support, 3 chambered heart (sequential), kidney(s)

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45
Q

neural crest forms..

A

PNS, sensory organs, brain, adrenal glands, pigment cells, secretory GI cells

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46
Q

neurogenic placodes form….

A

form from the cells just outside where neural crest migrates off. form lens, iris, retina, color vision, nose, inner ear (vestibular apparatus), lateral line (otic part), electroreceptors

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47
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

CaPO4, woven into bone cartilage etc to fortify

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48
Q

mineralized tissue types and stats

A

mineralized cartilage (70%) - flexible but less vascular, bone (70%) - can remodel and heal bc vascular), enamel (96%) = enameloid (only in fish), dentine (96%) - also in fish scales

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49
Q

dermal bone

A

forms intramembranously (outside in), skulls, shoulders, hips from this

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50
Q

endochondral bone

A

cartilage forms and starts becoming bone from the middle out

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51
Q

cementum

A

fastens teeth in sockets for mammals

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52
Q

arcualia

A

cyclostome retained cartilage that protects notochord (protospine)

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53
Q

hagfish fins?

A

secondarily lost dorsal fin.. L

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54
Q

epaxial

A

dorsal muscle block

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55
Q

hypaxial

A

ventral muscle block

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56
Q

hindbrain functions

A

respiration, circulation

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57
Q

midbrain functions

A

hearing, touch, motor response

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58
Q

forebrain functions

A

vision, olfaction, integration and signal processing

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59
Q

dermatocranium

A

outer skull layer of dermal bone

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60
Q

chondrocranium

A

endochondral (or just cartilaginous) brain case

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61
Q

splanchnocranium

A

makes up gill arches, pharyngeal jaws

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62
Q

liver and pancreas arise..

A

from the gut

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63
Q

kidneys in most verts

A

just a tube by the GI tract

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64
Q

path of blood in single-circuit system

A

heart> ventral aorta> gills> dorsal aorta> system (and back)

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65
Q

myxini

A

CLASS of hagfish

66
Q

hyperoartia

A

class of lampreys

67
Q

petromyzontiformes

A

order of lampreys

68
Q

agnatha

A

infraphylum of the cyclostomes

69
Q

plesiomorphies of cyclostomes

A

no true vertebrae, no jaws, no paired limbs, undivided nostril

70
Q

synapomorphies of cyclostomes

A

velum (muscular appendage for pumping water over gills), muscular tongue with keratinous tongue teeths

71
Q

hagfish life story

A

89 spp, around half a meter, live in deep sea and scavenge or eat small inverts/fish. use tongue teeth to tear off whale bits.. can tie themselves into a knot to help pry smth or to escape a grip/predator. direct developers. make slime, eggs develop a long time. 50:1 F:M, may be hermaphroditic

72
Q

lampreys life story

A

48 spp small to 1m, live in freshwater or shallowish in north/temperate areas. live 3-7 years as filter feeding larva and then become big parasites (leave the stream) before returning 1-2 years later to spawn. secrete anticoagulant, breathe thru tidal ventilation when attached

73
Q

anadromous

A

lifestyle of salmon and lampreys where you’re born in the stream, disperse, and come back to breed and die.

74
Q

ammocoetes

A

lamprey larva

75
Q

conodonts

A

paleozoic era almmmmost gnathostomes with cone shaped pharyngeal teeth. found as microfossils everywhere but only like 10 are complete. have mineralized teeth, myomeres, notochord, tailfin, eyes (phylogeny is uncertain)

76
Q

osteognathostomata

A

includes everyone with dermal bone (ostracaderms)

77
Q

synapomorphies during ostracoderms

A

from mid-ordovician to devonian, all have movable mouth plates and external dermal bone. aranaspids and heterostracans are earliest. anaspids, thelodonts, and galeaspids had paired nostrils. by osteostracans they got paired pectoral fins and a 2nd dorsal fin

78
Q

yaw

A

rotation on the x-axis from tail thrust

79
Q

pitch

A

rotation on y-axis (not roll)

80
Q

midline fins purpose

A

prevent roll and yaw

81
Q

why did jaws evolve

A

more efficient respiration

82
Q

branchial arches purpose

A

1 and 2 form jaws (velum and velum support in agnatha), 3-7 support gills

83
Q

eugnathostomata + synapomorphies

A

infraphylum includes bony fish and chondrichthyes. synapomorphies: continuous tooth replacement, centra, jaws, ribs, 4 sets of hox genes (2nd duplication), horizontal septum.

84
Q

placoderms

A

paraphyletic extinct group. ~200 genera in silurian-devonian. deep water bottom-dwellers, gnathal plates of teeth. had claspers and live birth

85
Q

larvaceans

A

pedomorphic tunicates

86
Q

cephalochordata, urochordata, and vertebrata are..

A

subphyla of phylum vertebrata

87
Q

chrondrichthyes is a..

A

class

88
Q

osteichthyes is a…

A

superclass

89
Q

mammalia, amphibia, reptilia

A

classes

90
Q

transverse plane

A

cut up like a sushi

91
Q

saggital plane

A

vertical cut thru middle of face

92
Q

frontal plane

A

horizontal cut thru body, exposes tubes

93
Q

medial

A

towards middle of body

94
Q

lateral

A

towards distal region of body

95
Q

homology

A

when structures are actually from the same source

96
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

at the 8-cell embryonic stage, you can take a single cell and it will generate another embryo without harming the og one (for deuterostomes). enables identical twins

97
Q

determinate cleavage

A

not every cell in an early embryo can form a new embryo on its own (true for protostomes)

98
Q

Ficke eq explanation

A

rate covaries with pressure differential, constant based on medium, and surface area, and the inverse of path length.

99
Q

gills developmental origin

A

endoderm pocketed out and pierces ectoderm.

100
Q

unidirectional flow

A

most efficient (tidal is only useful if there is no other option) - water flows in thru mouth/spiracle and out thru gills

101
Q

ram ventilation

A

continuously swimming with mouth open to keep water flowing over gills, used by tuna, mackerel, some sharks

102
Q

buccal pumping

A

used for unidirectional flow in many fishes. first water is sucked into buccal cavity (opercular suction pump) and then it is pushed over gills (buccal pressure pump)

103
Q

hyomandibular pouch

A

area btwn gill arches 1 and 2 that becomes the spiracle

104
Q

why is spiracle important for unidirectional flow

A

rays and skates body plan and habits prevent them from taking in water via mouth most of the time, so spiracle is used for breathing.

105
Q

gill components fit together..

A

each gill arch has many paired gill filaments which increase their surface area using gill lamellae

106
Q

countercurrent flow

A

without it, we only get to 50% saturation, with it we get like 90

107
Q

obligate air breathers include..

A

lungfish, betta fish, bichirs, electric eels

108
Q

falcultative air breathing fish

A

can supplement oxygen from environment when conditions in water are O2 poor. include walking catfish and most other air breathing fish

109
Q

accessory breathing organ structure

A

have projections of gill arch skeleton, usually located in throat chamber

110
Q

lungs origin

A

actinopterygian synapomorphy, outpocketing of the gut and they BECOME swim bladders in many spp

111
Q

physostomy

A

swim bladder connected to the gut, fish can gulp/release air to regulate buoyancy. connection = pneumatic duct

112
Q

physoclystic

A

swim bladder with no connection to outside, fills up with O2 from blood using rete mirable

113
Q

gas gland

A

between rete mirable (the blood vessels) and the swim bladder, it releases lactic acid so hemoglobin will put free O2 into blood which can move into the swim bladder

114
Q

sphincter ovale

A

muscle that regulates the opening and closing of the chamber of the swim bladder that allows the O2 to dissolve back into the blood, deflating it

115
Q

strategies for buoyancy in chondrichthyes

A

fatty liver, urea, trimethylamine oxide in blood

116
Q

TMAO

A

trimethylamine oxide, is used to keep shark tissue hypertonic along with urea

117
Q

the bends explanation

A

N2 is dissolved into the blood when gas in the lungs is compressed, but it doesn’t stay in the blood at lower pressures which causes air bubbles in the bloodstream if ascent is too fast. marine mammals prevent this by emptying their lungs before a dive (they have a lot of myoglobin to store O2 in muscles).

118
Q

Ri

A

refraction index - how fast is light in a spec medium. air is 1, water and eye tissue are around 1.3

119
Q

eye shapes in fish vs land dwellers

A

fish must bend the light bc there is not much difference between eye and water Ri, the lens is spherical to bend. in tetrapods, they compensate for the difference by having a bent cornea and a flat lens just for focusing.

120
Q

chemoreception in fish

A

the nares and buccal chamber are not connected. they have olfactory lamellae to absorb smells. this is used for hunting, detecting predators, reproduction, migration, alarm detection

121
Q

mechanoreceptors in water

A

hair cells with stereocilia move and cause depolarization > triggers neurons, these are mostly on the lateral line. they are located in pores in the canal under the scales. changes in air would not allow this.

122
Q

cephalic line

A

part of lateral line system in some fish, head canals in a similar setup.

123
Q

neuromast organs

A

on lateral line - detectors attached to nerve, made of cupula (pore with hair cells in jelly), detects movement and is very important for predator detection

124
Q

semicircular canals

A

ear canals in fish (1 in hagfish, 2 in lampreys, 3 in gnathostomes), have otolith organs (ear stones) with hair cells at base so when tilt in any direction occurs it is detected (balance, acceleration)

125
Q

hearing in fish

A

sound waves travel thru tissue/swim bladder and can be detected by hair cells. some fish have ossicles that connect swim bladder to inner ear. fish can grunt, squeak etc for communication

126
Q

pit organs (sharks)

A

aka ampullae of lorenzini. pore with gel that conducts electricity, canal is insulated and base connects to nerves. many are on lateral line. can detect electrical changes associated w earths magnetic field for navigation as well.

127
Q

electric organ

A

used to generate electricity, has electrocytes which are flexed like muscles and generate a pulse. signal is sent out and then detected like echolocation, used to detect items around them inc. prey. rate is dependent on spp and sex, animals like knifefish and electric eels do this

128
Q

iso-osmotic (conformers) include

A

hagfish, inverts

129
Q

hypo-osmotic to environment include

A

teleosts, lampreys

130
Q

hyperosmotic to environment include

A

chondrichthyes, freshwater fish

131
Q

euryhaline

A

fish that can handle multiple osmolarities in their environment ie. salmon, lampreys, bull sharks, sawfishes, some rays

132
Q

stenohaline

A

fish that can only tolerate a specific level of salinity (most fishes)

133
Q

salt adaptations in non fish

A

marine mammals - tiny kidney lobules for more filtration, fish and reptiles- glands near eyes to excrete salt

134
Q

regional heterothermy

A

large, active fish like tuna and mackerel keep from losing heat by cycling blood in a rete mirable and keep trunk muscles active

135
Q

acanthodii (monophyletic group)

A

shark/chimaera group. polyphyodont, tooth whorls with continuous replacement.

136
Q

acanthodians

A

the extinct members of acanthodii, paraphyletic “spiny sharks”. lived in devonian-early carboniferous. had spines, paired fins, paired finlets btwn pectoral and pelvic areas, dermal bone and denticles, autodiastylic jaw suspension

137
Q

chondrichthyes synapomorphies

A

placoid scales, no dermal bone, cartilage with crystalline structure, ceratotrichia, true claspers, fatty liver, store urea (this could have been earlier)

138
Q

ceratotrichia are…

A

made of keratin

139
Q

the radiations of chondrichthyan diversity

A
  1. devonian on (euchrondrocephali/acanthodii) - weird guys (“stem euchondrocephalans”) like edestus (pinking shear teeth), helicoprion, falcatus (dorsal spine for getting freaky), 2. hybodonta in mesozoic, 3. modern diversity of neoselachians starts picking up in the cretaceous
140
Q

autodiastyly

A

articulates 2 places with chrondrocranium but does not use hyoid (not very flexible)

141
Q

euchondrocephali

A

true cartilage heads, diverged from elasmobranchs 420 mya. few placoid scales

142
Q

modern holocephali

A

chimaera/ratfish/rabbitfish. gills are below braincase, mouth is more anterior, no scales. fleshy operculum with 4 gill slits under. claspers and tentaculum (on head), oviparous, store sperm up to 3 years, live deep but come to shallower waters to mate/spawn. whip like tail, some have long or short noses.

143
Q

euselachii

A

group with extant and extinct members, mesozoic shark like animals with shark body form, anal fin, and amphistylic jaws (closer but still not as flexible), and forward facing mouths. had narrower bases and longer ceratotrichia than before (old = more radials, less flexibility.)

144
Q

amphistyly

A

jaws attached at front and hyoid but less flexible (primitive sharks)

145
Q

hybodonta

A

extinct lineage, sister to neoselachi. was heterodont with piercing teeth in the front and crushing in the back.

146
Q

neoselachi

A

mesozoic to modern. rays and sharks. diversified in the cretaceous. synapomorphies include hyostyly, sub-terminal mouth, intercalary plates (protect spinal cord), improved lateral line and ampullae, tapetum lucidum

147
Q

batoidea

A

modern rays. have dorsal-ventral compression, no anal fin, dorsal eyes and spiracles, ventral mouth and gills, pectoral fins with lots of electroreceptors. euhyostylic, eat hard prey, salt or freshwater. venom (when present) made of enzymes and serotonin, denatured by heat

148
Q

selachii

A

modern sharks, includes galeomorphs and squalomorphs (diverged in permian)

149
Q

tapetum lucidum structure

A

guanine crystals behind retina

150
Q

galeomorphs

A

active, well-known, small spiracles, fusiform, large brain and body

151
Q

squalimorphs

A

smaller, deep water, benthic, large spiracles

152
Q

alternative shark feeding strats

A

planktivores, parasites (one time a bonnethead was eating grass…. omnivores?)

153
Q

durophagous

A

eating hard food ie crustaceans

154
Q

countershading

A

very common coloration for ocean camoflage,, dark on top, light on bottom

155
Q

shark attacking prey actions

A

first detect with olfaction (long range) then lateral line, then eyes and then electroreception. they raise nose, put jaws out, raise nictitating membrane to protect eyes. and then use electroreception to know when to strike.

156
Q

shark aggregation

A

sometimes they migrate to breeding grounds or nurseries (ie great whites, hammerheads), or school for hunting or breeding.

157
Q

shark fertilization

A

internal, male will bite female pectoral fin and insert a clasper which channels sperm. uses siphon sac full of water to push it along.

158
Q

shark offspring

A

high investment in energy, few offspring, but no parental care

159
Q

lecithrophy

A

yolk nourishment

160
Q

matrotrophy

A

nourishment from the reproductive tract. could include oviduct walls, unfertilized eggs, yolk sac placenta, nutritive substance produced in uterine projections, or your siblings for sand tiger sharks.

161
Q

shark eggs

A

egg case secreted around embryo and yolk, egg hatches in the case, 6 to 10 months of development. moving baby shark circulates fresh water into case.

162
Q

intromittent organs..

A

always have a groove, except for placental mammals. smh.

Vert Biodiversity (12 decks)

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