Lab - fish anatomy

Question 1

soft fins

Answer 1

segmented, branched rays

Question 2

spiny fins

Answer 2

unsegmented, unbranched rays

Question 3

fleshy fins

Answer 3

lobed fins, characterize sarcopterygii

Question 4

adipose fin

Answer 4

common in salmon, catfish. speculated to help with reducing turbulence, used in streams and rivers, might help the fish sense water flow

Question 5

hemitrichs

Answer 5

each lepidotrichia is a paired set of these

Question 6

tail fin types

Answer 6

homocercal - most teleosts (symmetrical), heterocercal - most sharks (top is much longer than bottom), diphycercal - lungfish (rounded with a small round protrusion)

Question 7

ganoine

Answer 7

compound that forms ganoid scales

Question 8

leptoid scales

Answer 8

in most teleosts, types include cycloid and ctenoid

Question 9

scale types

Answer 9

placoid (chondrichthyes) = denticles, enamel; ganoid = square, ganoine (bichir, gar) maybe original scale for bony fish; cycloid = softer, normal fish; ctenoid = like cycloid but they have tiny spikes (sunfishes, cichlids) <- last 2 are leptoid, made of bone not enamel

Question 10

where can fish have teeth

Answer 10

maxilla, vomer, palate, premaxilla, pharynx

Question 11

tooth types

Answer 11

incisor-like, molariform, villiform (spines), caniform, fused incisors

Question 12

anguilliform locomotion

Answer 12

whole body undulation (eels)

Question 13

carangiform locomotion

Answer 13

last 1/3 of body undulates (most teleosts, many sharks)

Question 14

rajiform locomotion

Answer 14

special fins move (rays)

Question 15

amiiform locomotion

Answer 15

just dorsal back half moves (bowfins)

Question 16

ostraciiform locomotion

Answer 16

just the tail moves (boxfish)

Question 17

balistiform locomotion

Answer 17

just top and bottom fins move (angelfish)

Question 18

diodontiform locomotion

Answer 18

just pectoral fins undulate (seahorses, pipefish)

Question 19

pelvic fin in teleosts

Answer 19

directly below pectoral fins

Question 20

caudal fin aspect ratios

Answer 20

rounded- more drag, but more maneuverability = slow but strong swimmers.
Truncate (basically like a skirt) and forked = less drag, faster fish
Lunate - very little drag, less maneuverability, long term swimmers like tuna and marlin

Question 21

Weberian Apparatus

Answer 21

when the ossicles are associated with the swim bladder for hearing

Question 22

operculum

Answer 22

the flap that opens and closes to let water flow over the gills (for bony fish)

Question 23

gill rakers

Answer 23

projection from gill arches into the pharynx, protect gills from food particles

Question 24

gill septa

Answer 24

the support for the gill arches (between openings)

Question 25

fusiform body

Answer 25

normal fish shape like a tuna, helps it swim fast (open water fishes)

Question 26

compressed body shape

Answer 26

very thin ie angelfish. bursts of speed in swimming, live in coral or rocks

Question 27

depressed body shape

Answer 27

rays, skates, flounder - flight-like swimming, live at or near sea floor

Question 28

anguilliform body shape

Answer 28

floats like a ribbon, lives among rocks

Question 29

globiform body shape

Answer 29

combination of shapes ie. frogfish, may live deep sea or be slow moving

Question 30

ovoviviparity

Answer 30

eggs develop inside the mother then hatch so babies come out alive but they are really gestated in eggs.

Question 31

parental care in fish

Answer 31

paternal or biparental exists but maternal is very rare

Question 32

dynamic lift

Answer 32

large pectoral fins in sharks help with buoyancy

Question 33

caudal peduncle

Answer 33

base of caudal fin

Question 34

ceratotrichia vs lepidotrichia

Answer 34

cerato - unbranched, unsegmented, stiff (sharks); lepidotrichia - segmented, branched, flexible

Question 35

catadromy

Answer 35

opposite of anadromy (some eels) move from freshwater living to spawn in the sea

Question 36

brood pouch

Answer 36

pouch that male pipefish and seahorses carry around where young develop

Question 37

estivation

Answer 37

hibernation like state where lungfish secrete mucus and go dormant. they breathe air. used during hot and dry periods.

Question 38

mouth types

Answer 38

terminal (normal - tuna), superior (tarpon, anglerfish, just a little higher - usually ambush predators), inferior (rays etc)

Question 39

squalene

Answer 39

not dense oil, found in shark livers, helps with buoyancy

Question 40

hyostyly

Answer 40

most extant chondrichthyans, jaw attaches to hyoid arch which attaches skull so jaw can be projected

Question 41

holostyly

Answer 41

upper jaw is fused to braincase, lower jaw articulates with the hyoid. used in holocephalans (ratfish), less mobility

Question 42

methyostyly

Answer 42

all bony fish, more upper jaw bones with mobility to create suction, jaw has connection to the braincase as well as hyoid arch.

Question 43

autostyly

Answer 43

lungfish and tetrapods, upper jaw is part of skull. different from holostyly bc the lower jaw articulates with a skull process rather than with the hyoid arch

Question 44

amphistyly

Answer 44

jaw suspension in primitive fish, the hyoid at the back and 2 attachment points at the front

Question 45

first 2 gill arches

Answer 45

1st = mandibular, 2nd = hyoid

Question 46

ischiopubic bar

Answer 46

pelvic girdle in sharks

Question 47

coracoid bar

Answer 47

pectoral girdle in sharks

Question 48

hyomandibula

Answer 48

the cartilage that braces the back of top jaw for hyostyly

Question 49

gular

Answer 49

support between the sides of dentary

Question 50

branchiostegals

Answer 50

rays under the posterior part of fish skull

Question 51

cleithrum

Answer 51

bone on back of skull

Question 52

fish chemoreception

Answer 52

the nares and buccal chamber are not connected. they have olfactory lamellae to absorb smells. this is used for hunting, detecting predators, reproduction, migration, alarm detection