Lab - fish anatomy Flashcards
soft fins
segmented, branched rays
spiny fins
unsegmented, unbranched rays
fleshy fins
lobed fins, characterize sarcopterygii
adipose fin
common in salmon, catfish. speculated to help with reducing turbulence, used in streams and rivers, might help the fish sense water flow
hemitrichs
each lepidotrichia is a paired set of these
tail fin types
homocercal - most teleosts (symmetrical), heterocercal - most sharks (top is much longer than bottom), diphycercal - lungfish (rounded with a small round protrusion)
ganoine
compound that forms ganoid scales
leptoid scales
in most teleosts, types include cycloid and ctenoid
scale types
placoid (chondrichthyes) = denticles, enamel; ganoid = square, ganoine (bichir, gar) maybe original scale for bony fish; cycloid = softer, normal fish; ctenoid = like cycloid but they have tiny spikes (sunfishes, cichlids) <- last 2 are leptoid, made of bone not enamel
where can fish have teeth
maxilla, vomer, palate, premaxilla, pharynx
tooth types
incisor-like, molariform, villiform (spines), caniform, fused incisors
anguilliform locomotion
whole body undulation (eels)
carangiform locomotion
last 1/3 of body undulates (most teleosts, many sharks)
rajiform locomotion
special fins move (rays)
amiiform locomotion
just dorsal back half moves (bowfins)
ostraciiform locomotion
just the tail moves (boxfish)
balistiform locomotion
just top and bottom fins move (angelfish)
diodontiform locomotion
just pectoral fins undulate (seahorses, pipefish)
pelvic fin in teleosts
directly below pectoral fins
caudal fin aspect ratios
rounded- more drag, but more maneuverability = slow but strong swimmers.
Truncate (basically like a skirt) and forked = less drag, faster fish
Lunate - very little drag, less maneuverability, long term swimmers like tuna and marlin
Weberian Apparatus
when the ossicles are associated with the swim bladder for hearing
operculum
the flap that opens and closes to let water flow over the gills (for bony fish)
gill rakers
projection from gill arches into the pharynx, protect gills from food particles
gill septa
the support for the gill arches (between openings)
fusiform body
normal fish shape like a tuna, helps it swim fast (open water fishes)
compressed body shape
very thin ie angelfish. bursts of speed in swimming, live in coral or rocks
depressed body shape
rays, skates, flounder - flight-like swimming, live at or near sea floor
anguilliform body shape
floats like a ribbon, lives among rocks
globiform body shape
combination of shapes ie. frogfish, may live deep sea or be slow moving
ovoviviparity
eggs develop inside the mother then hatch so babies come out alive but they are really gestated in eggs.
parental care in fish
paternal or biparental exists but maternal is very rare
dynamic lift
large pectoral fins in sharks help with buoyancy
caudal peduncle
base of caudal fin
ceratotrichia vs lepidotrichia
cerato - unbranched, unsegmented, stiff (sharks); lepidotrichia - segmented, branched, flexible
catadromy
opposite of anadromy (some eels) move from freshwater living to spawn in the sea
brood pouch
pouch that male pipefish and seahorses carry around where young develop
estivation
hibernation like state where lungfish secrete mucus and go dormant. they breathe air. used during hot and dry periods.
mouth types
terminal (normal - tuna), superior (tarpon, anglerfish, just a little higher - usually ambush predators), inferior (rays etc)
squalene
not dense oil, found in shark livers, helps with buoyancy
hyostyly
most extant chondrichthyans, jaw attaches to hyoid arch which attaches skull so jaw can be projected
holostyly
upper jaw is fused to braincase, lower jaw articulates with the hyoid. used in holocephalans (ratfish), less mobility
methyostyly
all bony fish, more upper jaw bones with mobility to create suction, jaw has connection to the braincase as well as hyoid arch.
autostyly
lungfish and tetrapods, upper jaw is part of skull. different from holostyly bc the lower jaw articulates with a skull process rather than with the hyoid arch
amphistyly
jaw suspension in primitive fish, the hyoid at the back and 2 attachment points at the front
first 2 gill arches
1st = mandibular, 2nd = hyoid
ischiopubic bar
pelvic girdle in sharks
coracoid bar
pectoral girdle in sharks
hyomandibula
the cartilage that braces the back of top jaw for hyostyly
gular
support between the sides of dentary
branchiostegals
rays under the posterior part of fish skull
cleithrum
bone on back of skull
fish chemoreception
the nares and buccal chamber are not connected. they have olfactory lamellae to absorb smells. this is used for hunting, detecting predators, reproduction, migration, alarm detection
