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Vert Biodiversity > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteichthyes timeline

A

earliest fossils - 420 mya(silurian) - already had distinct lineages, diversified a lot in cenozoic

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2
Q

Osteichthyes synapomorphies

A

endochondral bone, dermatocranium, teeth with roots on premaxilla maxilla and dentary, dermal bone on roof of mouth, dermal bone operculum (lost in tetrapods), branchiostegal rays (dermal bone on floor of gill cavity, lost in tetrapods), lepidotrichia, scales with enamel or ganoine, lungs

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3
Q

actinopterygii synapomorphy

A

everted brain. wtf

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4
Q

tribasic fin structure

A

fan-like. has girdle > 3 basal elements > radial pterygiophores> lepidotrichia

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5
Q

paleoniscoids

A

mid-devonian - jurassic paraphyletic extinct group, had heterocercal tail but were fish-like.

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6
Q

polypteriformes

A

bichirs, reedfish. freshwater, central african. ganoid scales, dorsal finlets, ventral paired lungs. my sweet beautiful outgroup of actinopterygians

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7
Q

acipenseriformes

A

aka chondrostei. sturgeons and paddlefish. lost most bone (some dermal left), evolved gas bladder

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8
Q

sturgeon facts

A

1-6 m, bony scutes, northern hemisphere freshwater, anadromous, bottom feeders

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9
Q

paddlefish

A

rostrum 1/3 of their body length, lots of electroreceptors. only 2 spp. planktivores in rivers, modified gill rakers

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10
Q

neopterygii

A

“new fin” a lot less basals, more lepidotrichia. includes gars, bowfins (holostei) and teleosts. also can swing out maxilla to inc buccal cavity size and improve suction

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11
Q

fish jaw suspension evolution

A

early = autodiastylic or amphistylic, now modern is methyostylic

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12
Q

methyostyly

A

hyostyly but with bone (usually can project jaw but the back joint isnt quite as flexible)

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13
Q

holostei

A

group that includes lepisosteiformes and amiiformes

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14
Q

lepisosteformes

A

gars. 7 spp, warm, temperate fresh/brackish waters. ganoid scales. physostomous swim bladder

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15
Q

amiiformes

A

bowfins. 2 spp. suction feeders. asymmetric caudal fin, physostomy

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16
Q

teleost synapomorphies

A

emerge mid-triassic. ANOTHER hox duplication (most lost 1 and have 7 copies), swim bladder is dorsal and gas exchange is lost, homocercal tail (helps with buoyancy with less use of other fins), leptoid scales (overlapping, saves weight), skull reduction, mobile maxilla and premaxilla, pelagic eggs (lost in some lineages)

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17
Q

pharyngeal jaws

A

help in place of a tongue, evolved several times in teleosts

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18
Q

imbricated scales

A

overlapping

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19
Q

how many teleosts

A

35000 spp.

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20
Q

elopomorpha

A

includes true eels, tarpon, bonefish. have leptocephalic leaf-like pelagic larvae.

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21
Q

leptocephalus

A

having a small head

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22
Q

catadromy

A

some eels - live in streams and have pelagic mating/larvae

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23
Q

osteoglossomorpha

A

250 spp. freshwater fish. most are obligate or facultative air breathers

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24
Q

clupeomorpha

A

small, silver, schooling planktivores. like 450 spp inc.herring, anchovies

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25
Q

ostariophysi

A

includes 80% of freshwater fish. have schrekstoff, some are electric, most have Weberian app. its own group on phylogeny, includes a bunch of things like siluriformes

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26
Q

schreckstoff

A

scary stuff - alarm pheromone from broken skin

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27
Q

Weberian apparatus

A

evolved in cretaceous. allows high freq sounds to be heard by fish. gas bladder connected to inner ear via ossicle.

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28
Q

euteleosts

A

22000 spp. starting with salmoniformes (molecular grouping)

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29
Q

salmoniformes

A

euteleost group w salmon, trout pike.stealth hunters

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30
Q

acanthopterygii

A

spiky fishhh. rapidly diversified in Cenozoic. most have ctenoid scales, toothless maxilla, long toothed premaxilla for protrusion, physoclistic swim bladder.

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31
Q

acanthopterygii synapomorphies

A

spines on fins, higher pectoral fins and anterior pelvic fins.

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32
Q

pelagic

A

open sea

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33
Q

benthic

A

bottom dwelling

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34
Q

coral reef habitat

A

temporal niche partitioning (night/day), fish are specialized for manuevering, big diversity of spp

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35
Q

epipelagic fish

A

high sun and O2, very productive, but not a lot of room for niches so small diversity but large biomass

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36
Q

mesopelagic fish

A

live 200-1000m down, vertically migrate to productive zone at dusk to feed but stay low during day to avoid predation

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37
Q

bathypelagic fish.

A

1000m or lower, aphotic zone. cold, low O2, less food less activity. weak, small fish. huge jaws and teeth, can distend stomach so they take whatever they can find. some bioluminesce but visibility is poor so rely on olfaction

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38
Q

light produced by..

A

vibrio or photobacterium

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39
Q

bioluminescence

A

spp and sex specific, photophores where bacteria is stored can light up

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40
Q

fish gonads

A

large, LOTS of gametes

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41
Q

gonochores

A

one sex makes eggs, one makes sperm (88% of fish spp)

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42
Q

simultaneous hermaphroditism

A

both gonads, make gametes at different times (no self-fertilization), useful in low pop density bc any 2 individuals that meet can mate

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43
Q

sequential hermaphroditism

A

protandry or protogyny

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44
Q

monogamous examples

A

convict cichlids, seahorses

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45
Q

polyandrous

A

multiple males fertilize eggs, inc. pikes

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46
Q

polygynous

A

mating system where male fertilize and carry eggs of many females (mouthbrooding cichlid)

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47
Q

multiple male forms mating system

A

one male defends territory, females come in to lay eggs. satellite males intercept females btwn territories, and sneakers pretend to be females to enter and fertilize eggs there. streakers have huge gonads and run through dropping sperm lol

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48
Q

iteroparous

A

spawn multiple times during life (most fish)

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49
Q

semelparous

A

spawn once and die (salmon, some eels)

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50
Q

demersal

A

attached to substrate

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51
Q

spp with demersal eggs

A

engage in parental care (guarding) impossible w/ pelagic eggs

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52
Q

discus fish

A

produce nutritive mucus for young

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53
Q

fish sex and parental care

A

either can do it, usually paternal

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54
Q

viviparous fish

A

guppies/killifish etc. have matrotropic and lecithotropic. 4-6week development

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55
Q

gonopodium

A

modified fin used as intromittent organ (in live bearing fish)

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56
Q

seahorse/pipefish eggs

A

given to dad who fertilizes and then broods in brood pouch for like 4 weeks (in pipefish they are just on him lol)

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57
Q

sarcopterygii groups

A

actinistia and rhipidistia

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58
Q

spp diveristy for all or actinopterygii vs all of sarcopterygii

A

about the same

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59
Q

fossil sarcopterygian synapomorphies

A

monobasic fin, cosmine on scales, intracranial joint in braincase for lifting front of head

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60
Q

actinistia

A

coelacanths, distinct by 420 mya, thought extinct 66 mya, rediscovered 1938. live 260-300 m deep, lipids in “lung” for buoyancy, hollow spines on fins, viviparous, fins alternate sides (like gait). eat fish and squid

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61
Q

dipnoi

A

“breathe 2 ways”. lungfish, 6 spp. bottom dwellers in fresh water. autostyly. South American/African and Australian have been distinct since late Cretaceous.

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62
Q

australian dipnoi

A

1.5m long, 45 kg. use gills mostly. complex courtship and territory, no parental care. lobelike fins

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63
Q

SA/African dipnoi

A

very thin appendages, usually breathe air and use gills to expel CO2, male parental care of eggs. African estivate

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64
Q

estivation

A

African lungfish can dig (pushing mud thru gills) and cover itself in mucus for an underground waterproof cocoon to live up to 4 years dormant

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65
Q

rhipidistia

A

includes lungfish (dipnoi) and tetrapods

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66
Q

tetrapodamorpha synapomorphies

A

choanae, labyrinthodont enamel, one-bone-two-bone limbs

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67
Q

when and why move to land

A

mid-late Devonian. less predation, food resources available, we already had adaptations from basking and seasonal drying

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68
Q

eusthenopteron

A

tetrapodamorph. large, pelagic fish that loses cosmine, has limblike fins (385 mya)

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69
Q

panderichthys and elpistostege

A

380 mya. wider heads, lost dorsal fin. start of wrist and digit bones, could prop selves up (shallow water)

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70
Q

tiktaalik

A

transitional (before tetrapods but first with mobile neck). 382 mya

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71
Q

tetrapoda synapomorphies

A

digits, loss of fin rays on limbs, zygapophysis, more supportive ribs, more lung SA, more layers of muscles, pelvic girdle attaches backbone

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72
Q

acanthostega

A

tetrapod, 360 mya. lungs and gills, 8 digits, non weight bearing limbs

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73
Q

ichthyostega

A

tetrapod, reduced gills, 7 digits, forelimbs supported their weight

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74
Q

carboniferous tetrapods

A

already secondarily aquatic, reduced limbs, lost intracranial joint

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75
Q

earliest tetrapod mystery

A

395 mya tracks (10 my before the earliest tetrapod fossil)

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76
Q

neotetrapoda synapomorphies

A

occipital condyles, 5 or fewer digits, muscular tongue

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77
Q

zygapophyses

A

help hold up body by connecting vertebrae

78
Q

rectus abdominus

A

holds torso up

79
Q

occipital condyles

A

joints (at skull base) to articulate with atlas

80
Q

tetrapod feeding

A

lingual or jaw prehension (must contact food before putting it in mouth once we leave water). muscular tongue, salivary glands needed

81
Q

hyoid apparatus in tetrapods

A

(from bottom of hyoid arch) supports tongue muscles

82
Q

limiting water permeability

A

stay wet or bony scales&raquo_space; feathers, fur, scales (keratin in amniotes)

83
Q

new organs for waste management

A

kidney (does what gills used to do) and bladder (urine cannot be constantly excreted)

84
Q

ammonotelic

A

releasing waste as ammonia (via gills)

85
Q

ureotelic

A

makes urea (mammals,amphibians)

86
Q

uricotelic

A

makes uric acid (reptiles) - conserves water

87
Q

blood path in double circuit

A

(oxy) L atrium, body, R atrium, lungs, L atrium etc etc

88
Q

vein valves

A

keep blood from back flowing, use normal movement to keep valves working

89
Q

electroreceptors in tetrapods

A

lost but reevolved in monotremes

90
Q

eye changes on land

A

rounded cornea, flat lens (cornea does the main focusing). lacrimal glands

91
Q

middle ear

A

important for tetrapods. stapes/columnella connects tympanum to inner ear (which still has hair cells)

92
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

sense pheromones, unique to tetrapods

93
Q

why endothermy on land

A

high air temp spatial variation AND easier to retain heat than in water

94
Q

which can be smaller

A

ectotherms, surface area limits endotherm minimum size

95
Q

batrachomorpha** add year

A

aka temnospondyli. stem amphibians, branch off from reptilomorpha (stem amniotes)

96
Q

lepospondyli

A

whole vertebrae, carboniferous to mid permian, lizard size, varied lifestyles. uncertain placement.

97
Q

batrachomorpha synapomorphies/traits

A

synapomorphies: interpterygoid vacuities, 2 occipital condyles (convergent with mammals). traits: cut verts (early) flat heads, 4 fingers per hand, loss of cranial kinesis

98
Q

early batrachomorph traits

A

centrum and neural arch not connected = temno (to cut), large or small, bony scales, terrestrial and aquatic

99
Q

lissamphibia

A

smooth skin, includes Anura, Caudata, gymnophiona. but has 2 origins from within batrachomorpha

100
Q

batrachia

A

just frogs and salamanders.

101
Q

gerobatrachus

A

sister to frogs and salamanders

102
Q

lissamphibia synapomorphies

A

moist permeable skin with mucus and granular glands, cutaneous respiration, operculum-columella complex, pedicellate teeth

103
Q

operculum-columella complex

A

in lissamphibians, columella used as middle ear for air sounds (detected by basilar papillae), operculum connects and is used to conduct sounds from the ground (detection: amphibian papillae)

104
Q

pedicellate teeth

A

lissamphibia synapomorphy. normal crown and base with uncalcified dentine separating them (thinner area)- not shared by all ancestors.

105
Q

batrachia synapomorphies

A

green rods added (ability to see in low light in color)- red is ancestral and give peripheral vision, levator bulbi for eyes bulging and swallowing *both are maybe a lissamphibian thing

106
Q

gymnophiona etymology

A

gymno= naked like greeks used to be at the gymnasium

107
Q

adult amphibian characteristics

A

flat, broad, carnivorous, immobile tongues (except some spp)

108
Q

pelvic patch

A

thin, capillary rich patch for amphibians in dry environments to press onto any moist area to draw up water.

109
Q

amphibians in dry environments

A

pelvic patch, reabsorb urine water, uricotelic, burrow, wax on skin

110
Q

amphibian respiration

A

still use buccal pump, also cutaneous gas exchange

111
Q

amphibian circulation

A

2 atria, 1 ventricle, a tiny bit of mixing but it’s pretty separate. adaptive based on whether lungs, cutaneous, or gills are needed.

112
Q

granular glands

A

poison is alkaloids, either made of from diet ie. arthropods. location is variable, example = parotoid, behind eyes

113
Q

aposematism

A

signaling that you are poison via bright colors

114
Q

metamorphosis is regulated by..

A

thyroid hormones

115
Q

caecilians general stuff

A

202 spp or smth, tropical, annuli, eye under skin or bone, fossorial or aquatic

116
Q

sensory tentacle

A

caecilian trait, they have fossa for them on skull. probs homologous to vomeronasal organ. muscle is homologous to levator bulbi

117
Q

gymnophiona young/care

A

75% viviparous, maternal care. eat uterine tissue or milky secretion. young have gills and lose them in the womb or shortly after birth

118
Q

caudata general

A

700 spp. undulatory gait

119
Q

caudata courtship

A

pheromones, hedonic and mental glands, transferred by biting, contact, wafting. also tail walking

120
Q

caudata reproduction

A

oviparity, spermatophores. eggs usually in damp or water. young have legs as larvae

121
Q

plethodontids

A

over half of salamanders. widely distributed, lungless, direct developers, more parental care, no buccal pump -hyoid used to shoot tongue out of mouth for feeding

122
Q

anura

A

“no tail”. exploded after Dinos died. 6700+ spp.

123
Q

anuran locomotion

A

simultaneous movement of hindlimbs. tendons store energy, elongate with tibiofibula, radioulna, urostyle, abbreviated spinal column, strong pelvis and forelimbs for impact

124
Q

early frogs/ saltation evolution

A

triadobratrachus, 230mya= no elongation yet. may have started jumping to quickly get into stream when predators approached. OR synced legs for swimming

125
Q

anuran feeding

A

tongue attached at front of mouth, flips out to catch prey

126
Q

anuran breeding types

A

explosive (usually emphemeral spawning sites) - seasonal, promiscuous, few days to a week. prolonged breeding = chorus, males have territories females can visit

127
Q

amplexus

A

positions frogs do to stimulate females into having eggs- could be several days

128
Q

inguinal amplexus

A

hands around waist

129
Q

axillary amplexus

A

hands under arms

130
Q

anuran parents

A

lay eggs in wet places, some make foam nests, many guard. some brood on body - gastric brooding = no stomach acid while brooding eggs, young emerge. some defend tadpoles. poison dart frogs carry tadpoles up trees to bromeliads

131
Q

reptilomorpha synapomorphy and traits

A

group that includes extant and stem amniotes. synapomorphy = vertebrae w large pleurocentrum. traits: 5-finger hand, terrestrial, domed skull, skull kinesis

132
Q

synapsida

A

lineage leads to mammals

133
Q

sauropsida

A

lineage leads to reptiles

134
Q

stem amniotes

A

anthracosaurs (some secondarily aquatic), seymouriamorphs (aquatic larvae w gills and lateral line, terrestrial adults), diadectomorphs (up to 3m, terrestrial, unknown reproductive mode)

135
Q

amniota synapomorphies

A

first found in carboniferous, diversified in permian, dominated by mesozoic. synapomorphies: amniotic egg, keratinous skin and claws, costal ventilation, metanephron

136
Q

amniotic egg membranes

A

amnion (physical protection), yolk sac, allantois (waste and gas xchange, both from mesoderm), chorion around all others for gas exchange

137
Q

eggshell of amniotic egg

A

can be soft (lizards, snakes, turtles, monotremes), or calcified (some squamates, archosaurs). physical protection, gas exchange via pores, shell gland in uterus

138
Q

intromittent organ in amniotes

A

PROBS synapomorphy, many have lost it

139
Q

amniotic egg drawback

A

eggs cannot be laid in water bc gas exchange, sea animals give live birth or lay eggs on land L. this probs evolved btwn seymouriamorphs and amniotes

140
Q

amniote skin

A

all have alpha keratin, sauropsids also have beta (harder). all have thicker dermis and lipids. keratin limits abrasion and permeability

141
Q

alveolar lungs

A

branching tubes with pouches (alveoli), mammals / synapsids have these.

142
Q

faveolar lungs

A

unidirectional system of tubes with faveoli being the walls where the gas exchange takes place. found in sauropsids, very efficient.

143
Q

costal ventilation

A

uses negative pressure. lungs drawn down to bring air in (needs energy) and relaxed to expel it. intercostals expand and contract ribcage to do this.

144
Q

costal ventilation consequences

A

allows narrower head and longer neck (easier to pump w negative pressure), rings on trachea due to this. longer neck w more space for nerves gives more control of forelimbs. undulatory motion becomes harder bc it compresses one lung, this helps encourage the shift to dorsoventral flexion

145
Q

dorsoventral flexion

A

movement when legs are under body rather than sprawling

146
Q

metanephric kidney

A

lots more nephrons, allows highly conc urine, and tube becomes distinct from gonads.

147
Q

for costal ventilation what is active

A

inhaling is active, exhaling is passive

148
Q

skull bones around fenestra

A

postorbital and squamosal are middle bar, jugal and quadratojugal are bottom bar

149
Q

synapsid skull condition

A

1 hole below postorbital bar

150
Q

sauropsid skulls

A

started with anapsid skulls, then diapsid, and modified inc. losing bars and becoming anapsid (turtles)

151
Q

diapsid

A

2 skull fenestra

152
Q

anapsid

A

0 skull fenestra

153
Q

fenestration purpose

A

insertion of the jaw closing muscles. helps with predation. the muscle can get longer so its contraction is also longer. larger holes means more potential muscles, more purposes, finer control, and saggital crest in some mammals allows even more and higher attachment for more power. this is also why our heads are less flat than amphibians.

154
Q

teeth occlusion

A

teeth fit together. first found in amniotes, allows for herbivory

155
Q

sauropsida and subsequent groups

A

early and modern sauropsids. includes parareptilia, captorhinidae and protorothyridae (both former are also in reptilia)

156
Q

diapsida

A

extant reptiles

157
Q

lepidosauromorpha

A

includes stem and extant lepidosaurs. inc. icthyosaurs and sauropterygia

158
Q

ichthyosaurs

A

lepidosauromorphs (look like sharks/dolphins. predatory, viviparous, secondarily aquatic, 1-20m)

159
Q

sauropterygia

A

includes pliosaurs, plesiosaurs, placodonts and some convergent turtle like animals (also herbivorous), the saurs have long necks, flippers, hyperphalangy - flippers made of wayyyy too many finger segments

160
Q

lepidosauria + traits

A

inc. rhyncocephalia and squamates. have overlapping scales, diapsid. shed their scales, have transverse cloaca, tail autotomy, determinate growth, semi divided heart

161
Q

tail autotomy details

A

fracture planes within caudal vert, segments of muscles line up and blood vessels have sphincters. cost is calories, balance maybe. basalisks, most snakes, and varanids dont do this.

162
Q

determinate growth

A

growth stops when ossification of bones is finished ie. a max size exists. this is lost in snakes.

163
Q

lepidosaur hearts

A

divided ventricle, blood goes lungs, cavum arteriosum(L), L ventricle, body, cavum pulmonale (R), R ventricle, back to lungs

164
Q

muscular ridge

A

part of the lizard heart that divides the ventricles

165
Q

rhyncocephalia

A

diverged 200 mya. tuatara. were diverse in the mesozoic but no more. hole for pineal eye in youth, lower bar of skull reclosed (synapomorphy), acrodont dentition, double tooth row on top jaw so jaws act like shears, slow growth and life cycle. maturity at 10-20 yrs, lay eggs every 3 or so, die at 60-100. secondarily lost intromittent organ, have temp dependent sex determination, warm=male

166
Q

sex determination types

A

genetic (GSD) or environmental (ESD) (usually temp)

167
Q

squamata synapomorphies

A

streptostylic jaw suspension (quadratojugal lost, lower jaw articulates with the quadrate), hemipenes (each has a testis, dec. refractory period)

168
Q

squamate reproduction

A

some viviparous, no parental care post-natally.

169
Q

scleroglossa

A

all lizard groups except iguania. thin, forked tongues, very active VNO, rely on scent cues, less territorial, active hunters, be small and longer

170
Q

iguania general traits

A

have fleshy, projectible tongues. heavier-bodied, sit and wait predation, use visual cues, territorial

171
Q

squamata typical defenses

A

crypsis, autotomy, fleeing, active defense (ie shooting blood or shedding all scales)

172
Q

chromatophores

A

neural crest derived, cells that can localize pigment at a spec part to change outer color. used for social signaling, camoflage, thermoreg

173
Q

iridophores

A

neural crest derived, change colors (physical colors - blue, silver) by localizing guanine crystals in spec cell parts.

174
Q

venom in squamates

A

evolved via gene duplications. usually hemotoxic or neurotoxic, compressor muscles around glands squeeze to release venom when needed, it runs in fangs or along tooth grooves. snakes, varanids, heloderma

175
Q

limb reduction in squamates + why?

A

25+ independent losses. fossorial or on substrate. gene is hox expression changes. in the womb limb buds form but they are reabsorbed.

176
Q

legless lizard traits

A

have eyelids, have ear holes, some have longitudinal fold, have long tails compared to body

177
Q

sepentes diversity

A

4100 spp. we use scolecophidia, alethinophidia, colubroidea

178
Q

scolecophidia

A

snake group with 470 spp, blind snakes. tiny, burrowing, reduced eyes, a little pelvic girdle. usually eat insects/their eggs

179
Q

alethinophidia

A

true snakes, basically boas and pythons and similar. retain some pelvic girdle

180
Q

colubroidea

A

colubrids, viperids, elapids, lamprophiids. no pelvic girdle at all.

181
Q

lamphrophiidae

A

burrowers, blunt heads, small eyes. inc stilleto snakes(can rotate out fangs), asps

182
Q

colubridae

A

represents 2/3s snake diversity. 2000 spp

183
Q

elapidae

A

usually neurotoxic, mostly slim, active foragers. inc cobras, coral snakes, sea snakes, mambas, etc etc

184
Q

viperids

A

usually hemotoxic, heavier bodied ambush predators. triangular head. shares pit organ with boas and pythons

185
Q

pit organ

A

pit btwn eye and nostril w membrane full of thermoreceptor cells

186
Q

skull adaptations serpentes

A

post orbital and squamosal no longer form middle bar, lose jugal. quadrate is looong and articulates with the jaw and also the squamosal above it > so much kinesis. unattached dentary (just ligament) leads to jaw walking. very strong braincase

187
Q

serpentes feeding adaptations

A

jaw walking, trachea at bottom of mouth very close to opening so large prey can be swallowed while still breathing. constriction evolved several times, constrict until preys heart stops, but this flexibility conflicts with a need for speed.

188
Q

columella becomes what in mammals

A

stapes

189
Q

anguimorpha

A

sister to iguania, includes anguids, varanids, heloderma

190
Q

percomorpha

A

most derived fish, in acanthopterygii

191
Q

tulerpeton

A

6 fingers, strong limbs. last tetrapod

Vert Biodiversity (12 decks)

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