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Test 2 Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

beta 1 agonist/Beta 1 stimulated increase in HR pacemaker, Tx: TdP (torsades de pointe), bradycardia/tx for TdP

A

isoproterenol

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2
Q

beta blockers

A

olol

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3
Q

Antacid - moderate/short duration of action can cause gas, and acid rebound, Tx for GERD, Ulcers, dyspepsia/SE: Gas, acid rebound

A

Calcium Carbonate

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4
Q

NCCI (thiazide and sulfonamides)/Via: inhibit the Na+ and Cl- reabsorption (causes more to stay in urine), ++Ca2+ reabsorption, vasorelaxation. Tx: htn, CHF, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus/chlorthalidone is the best thiazide HTN

A

Chlorthalidone (hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, indapamide)

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4
Q

alpha 1 blocker

A

azosin

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4
Q

phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors

A

none

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5
Q

opioid agonist antidiarrheal/tx diarrhea, SE: CNS, atropine effects/

A

Diphenoxylate

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6
Q

Statin - Antilipidemics/Tx: familial combined hyperlipoprotenemia, fam. hypercholesterolemia, fam. ligand-defective apoB, Via –HMG-CoA reductase. SE: GI effects, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis-release cytoskeletal proteins-harm kidney/continued use = ++receptors

A

Lovastatin Simvastatin Pravastatin Atorvastatin

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7
Q

Prokinetics AchE Inhibitor/tx: non obstructive urinary retention and abdominal distension. SE: DUMBBELSS/

A

neostigmine

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8
Q

H2 blocker/Tx for GERD, ulcers, dyspepsia and gastritis, is absorbed into blood,. Can cause headache, bradycardia, hypotension/CNS effects, endrocrine effects (prolactin Release), and inhibit CYP metabolism

A

Cimetidine

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8
Q

Somatostatin agonist antidiarrheal/tx: secretory diarrhea, SE: –pancreatic secretion/

A

octreotide

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8
Q

Class Ic antiarrhythmic = —Na+ = slow phase 0/also see little Beta blocker activity. Tx arrhythmias in pts with preserved ventricular function/

A

Propafenone

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9
Q

5HT antagonist/tx: IBS diarrhea in women via –Ach=–motility/do not give to MEN, LAST RESORT DRUG

A

alosetron

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9
Q

Class Ic antiarrhythmic = —Na+ = slow phase 0/no Beta activity, Slows intraventricular conduction. Tx refractory ectopic foci, not first line drug due to SE: of proarrhythmic/

A

Flecainide

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11
Q

mucosal Protective/very safe, tx dyspepsia, H.pylori ulcers, travelers diarrhea/SE: black tongue and stool

A

Bismuth subsalicylate

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11
Q

Osmotic diuretics/via: thin loop of henle TX: acute renal failure prophylaxis, cerebral edema, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, acute glaucoma. SE: pulmonary edema, hyponatremia, hypernatremia. CI: anuria, –liver, cranial bleeding/

A

Mannitol (Glycerin, isosorbide, urea)

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12
Q

NKCCI (loop diuretics)/via: inhibition of NaCl reabsoption (Na/K/2Cl transporter), ++Ca2+ and Mg2++ secretion. Tx: pulmonary edema, CHF, Acute renal failure, Hypercalcemia (Give loop diuretics with saline), SE: hypokalemia/some of the best diuretics used in Congestive Heart Failure SE: Hypokalemia

A

Furosemide (Lasix) (bumetanide, ethacrynic acid)

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13
Q

Class III antiarrhythmic = –K+ > –alpha, beta, Ach > –Ca++, Na+/Prolong phase 3 repolarization = ++QT interval. Tx wide range of arrhythmias, acute V. Tach and V. Fib. Metabolized to DEA (desethyl amiodarone) has better antiarrhythmics than amiodarone, very large volume of distribution. SE: hypotension, lethal interstitial pneumonitis, hyper/hypothyroidism/T1/2 up to 100 days Very effective

A

Amiodarone (Dronedarone, Sotalol, Ibutilide, Dofetilide)

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14
Q

PPI

A

prazole

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15
Q

NK1 (neurokinin 1) antagonist direct antiemetic/tx: antiemetic, SE: CYP3A4 itneractions/Last Choice Drug

A

aprepitant

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16
Q

central alpha 2 agonist/Tx: HTN via –NE/TX: very safe gestational HTN in PREGNANCY

A

alpha-methyldopa

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17
Q

IBD Monoclonal antibody/tx: Moderate to severe IBD via –TNFalpha mediated response = –inflammation/also works on RA

A

Infliximab

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18
Q

block renal epithelial Na+ channels on principal cells/tx: hypokalemic alkalosis (spare K+), often given with loop diuretics (amiloride spares K+ loss)/lowerd BP a ton when given with hydrochlorothiazide

A

Amiloride (Triamterene)

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19
Q

M1 antagonist direct antiemetic/tx: mostion sickness, SE: Dry… opposite of DUMBBELSS/tx Motion sickness

A

scopolamine

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19
Q

Arterial Vasodilators/Via: donation of NO = cGMP Ca2+ sequestration = –preload and afterload, TX HTN. SE: methemoglobinemia/

A

Sodium Nitroprusside

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20
Q

Niacin - antilipidemics/Tx all hypercholesterol and triglyceridemias, via –VLDL synthesis and secretion (by liver). SE: cutaneous Flush/by –VLDL=>=>–LDL cutaneous flush

A

Nicotinic acid (Vit. B3)

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22
Q

Mucosal Protective/SE: cramping, diarrhea tx for NSAID ulcers/not if pregnant - abortificient via uterine contraction

A

Misoprostol

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22
Q

inhibit PG synthesis (intestines) antidiarrheal/absorbs toxins, tx diarrhea, very safe with little SE/

A

Bismuth subsalicylate

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23
Q

antacid - slow/short duration of action, can cause constipation, Tx for GERD, Ulcers, dyspepsia/SE: constipation

A

Aluminum Hydroxide

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24
Q

GABA agonist indirect antiemtic/tx: antiemtic for anxiety and chemotherapy/

A

Lorazepam

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24
Q

Fibrates - antitriglyceridemia/Tx all hypertriglyceridemias (chylomicronemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, dysbetalipoprotenemia). SE ++ HDL, GI effects/activation of PPAR receptor (++LPL=> ++HDL, –VLDL

A

Gemfibrozil Fenofibrate

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25
Q

PANS activation/tx sinus tachycardia, PSVT/

A

valsalva maneuver/carotid massage

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27
Q

osmotic laxatives/oral or rectal, increase stretch receptors causing ++peristalsis. tx constipation and given pre surgery/

A

lactulose

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28
Q

ARB

A

sartan

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29
Q

cannabinoid agonsit indirect anatiemetic/tx: chemotherpay induced nasuea/

A

Nabilone

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30
Q

add bulk, absorb toxins antidiarrheal/tx: diarrhea, SE: constipation/

A

kaolin and pectin

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32
Q

Ulcer/PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin/metronidazole + bismuth subsalicylate/

A

quadruple therapy

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32
Q

ARB/via: blocker of receptor of Angiotensin. TX: first line for uncomplicated HTN, Diabetes, CKF, CAD, LV dysfunction. CI Hyperkalemia, volume depletion,/More expensive than ACEI avoid in pregnancy

A

Losartan, Valsartan, Candesartan

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33
Q

IBD Antimetabolites/Tx.Maintain remission of Crohn’s dis. via –DHFR = –cellular proliferation (immune cells)/Maintain remission of Crohn’s dis.

A

Methotrexate

33
Q

Class Ia antiarrhythmic= –K+ > –Na+ /small effect on phase 0, larger effect on phase 3. Tx: life threatening Ventricular arrhythmias within 20 minutes, Reentrant SVT, atrial fribrillations and flutters associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Contraindicated in Tosades de Pointes (long QT already), hypokalemia. SE: SLE-like syndrome, N/V/TX: WPW syndome

A

Procainamide (Disopyramide)

33
Q

Organic Nitrates VIA: denitrification via mitochondrial aldehyde reductase -> NO -> cGMP->++cGK-1 = ++mitochondrial Ca2+, –Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of MLCK = vasorelaxation = –preload and afterload = –O2 demand of heart. No effect on peripheral resistance, no coronary steal (thats a good thing) TX: ischemia, angina, CHF SE: headache, hyptension (titrate ISDN) PO dosing, QD dosiing, T 1/2 = 4 hours

A

ISDN Isosorbide dinitrate

33
Q

H2 inhibitors

A

tidine

34
Q

Class Ib antiarrhythmic= –Na+, faster Phase 3 repolarization/Tx: digitalis and MI induced arrhythmias, 2nd choice after amiodarone for Immediate arrhythmias/Heart failure and Ventricular tachycardia = Give Lidocain Give via IV with large loading doses. tx for digitalis toxicity

A

Lidocaine (Phenytoin, Mexiletine, Tocainide)

35
Q

DHP CCB/Peripheral vascular effects/

A

Nifedipine

37
Q

IBD Glucocorticoids/tx: moderate to severe active IBD. Via: suppresion of inflammatory cytokines/

A

Prednisone (Prednisolone, hydrocortisone, budesonide)

38
Q

Organic Nitrates VIA: denitrification via mitochondrial aldehyde reductase -> NO -> cGMP->++cGK-1 = ++mitochondrial Ca2+, –Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of MLCK = vasorelaxation = –preload and afterload = –O2 demand of heart. No effect on peripheral resistance, no coronary steal (thats a good thing) TX: ischemia, angina, CHF SE: headache, hyptension (titrate ISDN) sublingual or transdermal route = T1/2 40 min best in unstable angina

A

GTN Nitroglycerin

39
Q

Ulcer/PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin/metronidazole/

A

triple therapy

40
Q

NDHP CCB/First line for uncomplicated HTN, Diabetes, CAD, Migraine, arrhythmias, tachycardic pt’s. CI: LV dysfunction, bradycardic Pt’s/

A

Verapamil Diltiazem

41
Q

5HT antagonist

A

tron

42
Q

++ A1 (in SA node), and ++A2 (vasculature)/opens cAMP independent K+ channels, causes SA node hyperpolarization, – Firing rate, –AP duration in atria, –conduction velocity. Vasculature = ++NO ->vasodilation. Tx for paroxysmal supraventricular tachcardia, use as IV to central vein/1st line drug for Paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia extremely short half life (T 1/2 = 15 secs) often given acutely in ER

A

Adenosine

43
Q

ACEI

A

opril

44
Q

Organic Nitrates VIA: denitrification via mitochondrial aldehyde reductase -> NO -> cGMP->++cGK-1 = ++mitochondrial Ca2+, –Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of MLCK = vasorelaxation = –preload and afterload = –O2 demand of heart. No effect on peripheral resistance, no coronary steal (thats a good thing) TX: ischemia, angina, CHF SE: headache, hyptension (titrate ISDN) no first pass metabolism - completely bioavailable, same dosing as ISDN, Especially good in African americans

A

ISMN Isosorbide mononitrate

46
Q

IBD Aminosalicylates/Tx: ulcerative colitis /very safe

A

Mesalamine-(pentasa, asacol, rowasa and canasa)

47
Q

CAI Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/Via: metabolic acidosis, diuresis, –GFR, Tx: glaucoma, Mtn sickness, urinary alkalinization, edema (when given a NKCC or NCC inhibitor). SE: metabolic acidosis, kidney stones. CI: cirrhosis/

A

Acetazolamide (dichlorphenamide, methazolamide)

49
Q

chloride channel activator - prostoglandin derivative laxative/tx chronic constipation. SE: NVD/

A

lubiprostone

50
Q

alpha 1 blocker/via: alpha 1>>>2, NE is not effected, Tx: lowers LDL TG and total Cholesterol as well as –HTN. SE: –sexual function/Doxazosin great for Resistant HTN

A

Prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin

51
Q

Rauwolfia Alkaloids/via: depletion of NE and Catecholamines. TX: HTN when given a thiazide combo. SE: PANS activity/Last line of defense

A

Reserpine

52
Q

Mucosal Protective/creates barrier on lulcers and stimulate mucus secretion (increase stomach PG, and decrease intestinal PG)/not in pts with CKD, prevent stress ulcers

A

Sucralfate

54
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmic , Non Dihydropyridine (NDHP)= –Ca2+ = –SA , AV nodes and –Ventricular Contractility/– L and T type Ca++ channels mainly in Heart, Tx: HTN, angina, Supraventricular tachycardia, post infarct protection. SE: could worsten CHF, constipation/no effect on ventricular arrhythmia, CI: WPW (wolf parkinson white syndrom - A. fib)

A

Verapamil Diltiazem

55
Q

/Tx first line for uncomplicated HTN and LV dysfunction and Previous ischemic stroke, osteoporosis, high K+. CI: Gout, hypnatremia/kalemia, prediabetes/dont give if diabetic

A

Chlorthalidone (hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, indapamide)

56
Q

Resins - antilipidemics/Tx familial hypercholesterolemia. via - binding bile acids. SE: constipation/continued use = ++receptors

A

Cholestyramine Colestipol

57
Q

central alpha 2 agonist/Tx: HTN via –NE. SE: rebound htn, /given with a diuretic to –fluid retention

A

Clonidine

58
Q

glucocorticoid agonist indirect antiemetic/tx: chemotherapy induced nausea via ++5HT antagonist/SE Weight gain and via water retention

A

dexamethasone

59
Q

opioid agonist antidiarrheal/tx IBS diarrhea/Very Safe

A

loperamide (imodium)

61
Q

5HT antagonist direct antiemetic/antiemetic. SE: constipation (–5HT=–Motility)/Zofran

A

Ondansetron

62
Q

sequester bile acids antidiarrheal/tx: antidiarrheal via impaired bile salt absorption/Also tx: for digoxin od

A

cholestyramine

63
Q

Prokinetics M3 agonist/Tx GERD and gastroparesis, SE: cholinergic side effects (DUMBBELSS)/

A

bethanechol

64
Q

Prokinetic Motilin Receptor Agonist/tx non obstructive gastroparesis/

A

erythromycin

65
Q

anti muscarinic/produces a vagal block to increase HR Tx brady cardia/

A

Atropine

67
Q

stimulant laxatives/oral or rectal; stimulate the ENS, cause a leaky mucosa, –Na absorption, /

A

Senna

68
Q

Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors/ ++CO, T 1/2 = 2 hours TX: Short term circulation in CHF/given via IV

A

Amrinone, Milrinone

69
Q

Beta blockers/Tx: first line for CAD, LV Dysfunction, add on for uncomplicated htn. CI: migraine, tachyarrhythmia, /labetalol is preferred due to alpha and beta blocking

A

Propranolol, metoprolol, pindolol, labetalol

70
Q

Class II antiarrhythmic = –SA, –AV, –Ventricular contractility/tx supraventricular arrhythmias/tx patients with previous MI

A

Beta blockers

71
Q

Antacid - Fast/short duration of action, and cause gas, metabolic alkalosis. Tx for GERD, Ulcers, dyspepsia/SE: Gas, acid rebound

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

72
Q

Prokinetics D2 antagonist/Tx Gerd, impaired gastric emptying (–D2=++Ach=++motility), antiemetic. SE: parkinsonian like sx’s (from drop in D2 in CNS)/SE: parkinsonsian like symptoms

A

Metoclopramide

73
Q

Direct renin inhibitor/Via: blocks the renin mediated cleavage of angiotensinogen. TX: HTN esp. with thiazide, ADEI, ARB, CCB. SE: hyperkalemia if pt has CKD/Never use in pregnancy

A

Aliskiren

74
Q

5HT agonist laxative/tx constipation, IBS constipation (++Ach=++motility)/SE: GI, CV, not for general use - LAST RESORT DRUG TX: IBS

A

Tegaserod

74
Q

Arterial Vasodilators/Via: Katp channel = relax arteriolar VSMC’s (no effect on veins), TX: –BP, ++skin blood, sever refractory HTN if given with Beta blcoker and diuretics. SE: reflex ++inotropy/

A

Minoxidil

75
Q

antacid - slow/short duration of action, can casue osmotic diarrhea, Tx for GERD, Ulcers, dyspepsia/SE: diarrhea

A

Magnesium hydroxide

76
Q

stool softener laxitives/provide stool with oil - easily movable tx constipation, given prior to surgery. SE: malabsorption/nutrient malabsorption

A

glycerin

77
Q

ACEI/TX: first line for Uncomplicated HTN and Diabetes, CKF, CAD, LV dsyfunction, post ischemic stroke. CI: High plasma renin levels, CKF - use a reduced dose, hyperkalemia, volume depletion/ do not give pregnant women SE: coughing - consider ARB Good in caucasions, less in African Americans

A

Captopril, Lisinopril, Fosinopril

78
Q

Class Ia antiarrhythmic= –K+ > –Na+ /small effect on phase 0, larger effect on phase 3. SE: hypotension, diarrhea, proarrhythmic/Only used in refractory pt’s

A

Quinidine

80
Q

M1,D2, H1 antagonist direct antiemetic/Tx: antiemetic, SE: D2-parkisnonian like sxs(extrapyramidal), H1-drowsiness, M1-anticholinergic effects/not first line of defense

A

prochlorperazine

82
Q

H1 antagonist direct antiemetic/tx Motion sickness, SE drowsiness/Dramamine

A

dimenhydrinate

83
Q

Cardiac Glycosides (++inotropic)/ ++inotropic effect, (=–EDV and ESV, –SANS, ++Vagal tone –QT interval, ++coronary flow, ST Depression. T1/2 2days, excreted by kidney, SE: Low TI arrhythmias, anorexia, N/V TX: HF, CHF with AF Antidote to Digoxin: cholestyramine, des-IgG (via IV)/do not give to pt if hypokalemic CHF with atrial fib.

A

Digoxin

85
Q

IBD Aminosalicylates/tx: ulcerative colitis, SE: malaise in 1/2 of pt’s. Inhibits COX/Only given topically, N-N (triple bond Azo) linking

A

sulfasalazine 5-ASA (balsalazide, olsalazine)

86
Q

D2 antagonist direct antiemetic/tx antiemetic, SE: parkinsonian sx’s/

A

Metoclopramide

88
Q

DHP CCB (dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers)/TX: first line for uncomplicated hypertension, diabetes, CAD, elderly with isolated systolic htn. CI: LV dysfunction, tachycardia/

A

Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Felodipine

89
Q

Absorption inhibitors - antilipidemics/Tx: Fam. compined hyperlipoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, ligand-defective apoB. Via: inhibition of cholesterol absorption, SE not many/

A

ezetimibe

90
Q

/Add on for refractory/resistant HTN, low k+ (when also given with thiazide). CI: high K+/

A

Spironolactone (eplerenone)

91
Q

Bulk forming laxatives (fiber)/increase stretch receptors and cause peristalsis. tx constipation, given prior to surgery./

A

methylcellulose

92
Q

DHP CCB

A

dipine

93
Q

Aldosterone Antagonist/Via: –Na+ reabsorption =–total body water, –K+ loss. TX: LV remodeling, edema, htn, primary hyperaldesteronism, refractory edema. SE: hyperkalemia, binds steroid receptors (gynecomastia, hirsutism, impotence)./TX refractory HTN well SE: hyperkalemia

A

Spironolactone (eplerenone)

94
Q

H2 blocker/Tx for GERD, ulcers, dyspepsia and gastritis, is absorbed into blood,. Can cause headache, bradycardia, hypotension/

A

ranitidine nizatidine famotidine

95
Q

IBD Antimetabolites/tx. Maintain remission of IBD via –Immune cell proliferation (purine analog)/Maintain remission of IBD

A

Azathioprine

96
Q

PPI/tx for GERD, ulcers, dyspepsia, gastritis, hypersecretory, NSAID ulcers, H.Pylori ulcers. Takes 3 days to max effect, very safe, need acidic to be activated. Long term use causes B12, Fe, Ca,Zn deficiencies/very safe, minus long term use

A

omeprazole Lansoprazole Rabeprazole Esomeprazole Pantoprazole

97
Q

Arterial Vasodilators/Via –IP3 = –contraction, opens Ca2+ activated K+ channels = ++relaxtion. TX: add on to REsistant HTN in CKD. SE: drug induced Lupus, tachycardia and Na+ retention, (alway give a diuretic/Beta blocker, NDHP CCB to mitigate this)/TX: gestational HTN in PREGNANCY, but be careful, acutely administerd = abortion

A

Hydralazine

pharm (11 decks)

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