lecture1and2 Flashcards
what is pharmacology
is the biomedical science concerned with the interaction of chemical substances with living cells tissue and organisms
what is pharmacokinetics
a division of pharmacology focused on processes that affect drug concentration in the body what the body does to the drug.
What is pharmacodynamics
a division of pharmacology focused on how a drug produces an effect what the drug does to the body
what is toxicology
is the science of poisons and toxicity, it focuses on the harmful effects of drugs.
what is pharmacy
the science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper, utilization of drug products
what is the difference between a prescription and non-prescription medication
prescription medication, drugs whose sale is restricted and available only with a prescription from a licensed provider, whereas a nonprescription medication or OTC drugs can be sold with direction for safe use by the public.
what are the steps to bring a new drug to the market
identification of the compound, invitro experimentation on animals, clinical testing…Phase 1 small number of patients tests are dosing range in typically healthy volunteers is it safe 20-100 subjects?, phase 2 testing the drug with a relatively small number of patients 100-200 to determine if drug actually works or has desired effects, Phase 3 similar to phase 2 but larger number of patients 1000-6000 with stats applied and with controls Phasedoes it work with a double blind study? 4 continual monitoring of the drug during clinical use.
what is the abuse potential scale
Schedule 1 is high abuse potential with little use like heroin no one can prescribe schedule 1, down to five small abuse potential.
how long does it take for a drug to come to market
8-9 years to go from identification of a compound to marketing and new drug application.
why is the generic name important
it is the name that will never change can be named for a number of reasons this is what we need to know.
what is the trade name
the name given to the product by the company that made it making someone a lot of money.
what is the reference point for drug concetration in the body
the concentration in the blood.
what are the 5 categories of receptors
intracellular, intrinsic enzymatic activity, directly associate with intracellular enzymes, ligand gated ion channel, 7 membrane spanning receptors.
tell me about intracellular receptors
usually lipophilic, for example estrogen vitamin A directly regulates gene activity usually slower response.
tell me about intrinsic enzymatic activity
epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, TGF-betaR, protein phosphoralation common causing a cascade effect.
tell me about ligand gated ion channels
like the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, when activated opens a channel for something else.
tell me about receptors that directly associate with intracellular enzymes
Interlueking-3 receptor erythropoeitin receptor leptin, attach to to a enzyme that can then produce the cascade effect.
tell me about 7 transmembrane receptors
G protein coupled receptors, heptahelical, serpentine, cross membrane seven times and then can induce signaling
what is down-regulation or up-regulation
continual stimulation will lead to a decease in the receptor numbers, continued exposure to an inhibit will lead to an increase in the receptor number.
what is the dissociation constant
Kd=[R][L]/[RL] so the more drug I add the more it will bind to the receptor. Receptors bound to ligand.
what is Kd
when the number of bound receptors = the number of free ligands and receptors,
when looking at the curves of binding affinity which side has the highest binding affinity
the one on the lowest concentration to occupy half the receptors, usually on the left.
what is the Ec50
the effective concentration that will produce a half maximal effect
what is potency
a measurement of drug dose used to compare the relative affinity and effectiveness of two or more drugs. This is the most conveniently done by comparing EC50 of two or more agents. The further to the left on the potency curve
what is efficacy
the maximal effect a drug can induce Emax
what is an agonist
a drug or ligand that binds to a receptor and produces a molecular, cellular, or physiological response.
what is an antagonist
a drug that inhibits the response of the agonist
what is a competitive antagonist
binds to the same site as the agonist blocking it, so shifts the EC50 to the right but does not effect the maximal effect of the drug.
what is a noncompetitive antagonist
binds at a different site than the agonist. Will decrease the maximal effect. Emax. Does not matter how much agonist is present it will knock out the receptor almost like it reduces the number of receptors.
