lecture1and2

Question 1

what is pharmacology

Answer 1

is the biomedical science concerned with the interaction of chemical substances with living cells tissue and organisms

Question 2

what is pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

a division of pharmacology focused on processes that affect drug concentration in the body what the body does to the drug.

Question 3

What is pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

a division of pharmacology focused on how a drug produces an effect what the drug does to the body

Question 4

what is toxicology

Answer 4

is the science of poisons and toxicity, it focuses on the harmful effects of drugs.

Question 5

what is pharmacy

Answer 5

the science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper, utilization of drug products

Question 6

what is the difference between a prescription and non-prescription medication

Answer 6

prescription medication, drugs whose sale is restricted and available only with a prescription from a licensed provider, whereas a nonprescription medication or OTC drugs can be sold with direction for safe use by the public.

Question 7

what are the steps to bring a new drug to the market

Answer 7

identification of the compound, invitro experimentation on animals, clinical testing…Phase 1 small number of patients tests are dosing range in typically healthy volunteers is it safe 20-100 subjects?, phase 2 testing the drug with a relatively small number of patients 100-200 to determine if drug actually works or has desired effects, Phase 3 similar to phase 2 but larger number of patients 1000-6000 with stats applied and with controls Phasedoes it work with a double blind study? 4 continual monitoring of the drug during clinical use.

Question 8

what is the abuse potential scale

Answer 8

Schedule 1 is high abuse potential with little use like heroin no one can prescribe schedule 1, down to five small abuse potential.

Question 9

how long does it take for a drug to come to market

Answer 9

8-9 years to go from identification of a compound to marketing and new drug application.

Question 10

why is the generic name important

Answer 10

it is the name that will never change can be named for a number of reasons this is what we need to know.

Question 11

what is the trade name

Answer 11

the name given to the product by the company that made it making someone a lot of money.

Question 12

what is the reference point for drug concetration in the body

Answer 12

the concentration in the blood.

Question 13

what are the 5 categories of receptors

Answer 13

intracellular, intrinsic enzymatic activity, directly associate with intracellular enzymes, ligand gated ion channel, 7 membrane spanning receptors.

Question 14

tell me about intracellular receptors

Answer 14

usually lipophilic, for example estrogen vitamin A directly regulates gene activity usually slower response.

Question 15

tell me about intrinsic enzymatic activity

Answer 15

epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, TGF-betaR, protein phosphoralation common causing a cascade effect.

Question 16

tell me about ligand gated ion channels

Answer 16

like the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, when activated opens a channel for something else.

Question 17

tell me about receptors that directly associate with intracellular enzymes

Answer 17

Interlueking-3 receptor erythropoeitin receptor leptin, attach to to a enzyme that can then produce the cascade effect.

Question 18

tell me about 7 transmembrane receptors

Answer 18

G protein coupled receptors, heptahelical, serpentine, cross membrane seven times and then can induce signaling

Question 19

what is down-regulation or up-regulation

Answer 19

continual stimulation will lead to a decease in the receptor numbers, continued exposure to an inhibit will lead to an increase in the receptor number.

Question 20

what is the dissociation constant

Answer 20

Kd=[R][L]/[RL] so the more drug I add the more it will bind to the receptor. Receptors bound to ligand.

Question 21

what is Kd

Answer 21

when the number of bound receptors = the number of free ligands and receptors,

Question 22

when looking at the curves of binding affinity which side has the highest binding affinity

Answer 22

the one on the lowest concentration to occupy half the receptors, usually on the left.

Question 23

what is the Ec50

Answer 23

the effective concentration that will produce a half maximal effect

Question 24

what is potency

Answer 24

a measurement of drug dose used to compare the relative affinity and effectiveness of two or more drugs. This is the most conveniently done by comparing EC50 of two or more agents. The further to the left on the potency curve

Question 25

what is efficacy

Answer 25

the maximal effect a drug can induce Emax

Question 26

what is an agonist

Answer 26

a drug or ligand that binds to a receptor and produces a molecular, cellular, or physiological response.

Question 27

what is an antagonist

Answer 27

a drug that inhibits the response of the agonist

Question 28

what is a competitive antagonist

Answer 28

binds to the same site as the agonist blocking it, so shifts the EC50 to the right but does not effect the maximal effect of the drug.

Question 29

what is a noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 29

binds at a different site than the agonist. Will decrease the maximal effect. Emax. Does not matter how much agonist is present it will knock out the receptor almost like it reduces the number of receptors.