Test 2 others

Question 1

Central pattern generators

Answer 1

neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information.

Question 2

Lamina, medulla, and lobula

Answer 2

the 3 neuropils of the optic lobes that function to process sensory information from the compound eyes

lamina - the most peripheral neuropil of the insect visual system
medulla - middle neuropil
lobula- the innermost neuropil

Question 3

Asynchronous flight muscle action to enable wing movement

Question 4

Troponin/actin interaction

Answer 4

muscle contraction (esp flight muscles) is activated by calcium ions binding to the Tropomyosin-troponin complex of thin filaments. In resting muscle, the formation of crossbridges between actin & myosin is inhibited by tropomyosin blocking mysoin binding sites. Calcium alters this configuration to allow myosin heads to bind

Question 5

transient receptor potential channel

Answer 5

primary signal integrators for various sensory perception such as vision, thermosensation, olfaction, hearing, taste sensation, and mechanosensation. also function for individual cells to detect changes in temperature, osmolarity, and fluid flow in their local environment. Found in some neurons and cells.

Question 6

heat shock proteins

Answer 6

a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful condition. They perform chaperone functions by stabilizing new proteins to ensure correct folding or by helping to refold proteins that were damaged by the cell stress. They are found in cytosol, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus

Question 7

glomerulus

Answer 7

located in the antennal lobe of deutocerebrum. They house synaptic contacts between receptor axons that contain one specific odorant receptor per glomeruli.

Question 8

name 3 main regions of the the adult insect brain and main function

Answer 8

1. Protocerebrum - visual, olfaction, limb coordination, flight control
2. Deutocerebrum - innervates the antennae
3. tritocerebrum - connects CNS to Peripheral nervous system. innervates mouthparts

Question 9

ovoviparity & example

Answer 9

embryos develop into the first larval stage (instar) within the eggs while still in the female’s oviduct

E.g. tachinid flies

Question 10

three main elements of a chemo/mechanoreceptive sensillum

Answer 10

1. Torgomen cell - creates the socket
2. Trichogen cell - creates the shaft of the hair
3. Thecogen cell - produces the sheath component of the sensillum

Question 11

Ocelli

Answer 11

simple photo-receptors (light detecting organs). They consist of a single lens and several sensory cells. Unlike compound eyes, ocelli do not form a complex image of the environment but are used to detect movement.

Question 12

phoresy

Answer 12

an association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.

Question 13

spermatophore

Answer 13

A protein capsule or packet that contains the mass of spermatozoa. Sometimes it contains additional nutrients for the female.

Question 14

pheromone

Answer 14

A chemical produced by an individual of one species that mediates the behavior of another individual in the same species.

different types: sex, trail, primer, releaser

Question 15

role of polyhydroxyl alcohols and sugars in freeze avoidance/tolerance

Question 16

gynandromorph

Answer 16

an individual exhibiting characters of both sexes in various parts of the body

Question 17

cryptobiosis/anhydrobiosis

Answer 17

Cryptobiosis- a physiological state in which metabolic activity is reduced to an undetectable level without disappearing altogether

Anhydrobiosis - an extremely dehydrated state in which organisms do not show any signs of life at the metabolic level but retain the ability to resume life after rehydration

Question 18

male accessory glands

Answer 18

Glands in the male reproductive system that produce seminal fluid, spermatophore, and active peptides that affect the female.

Question 19

retinular cells

Answer 19

A cell comprising the ommatidia of the compound eye that contains optically active pigments and is stimulated upon the reception of light

Question 20

catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase

Answer 20

antioxidant enzymes which do not only play fundamental but indispensable role in the antioxidant protective capacity of biological systems against free radical attack

Question 21

ex of an obligate bacterial mutualist and insect

Question 22

period and timeless genes/proteins

Answer 22

circadian rhythm genes

Timeless mRNA and protein oscillate rhythmically with time as part of a transcription-translation negative feedback loop involving the period (per) gene and its protein.

Question 23

photoperiod responsive diapause

Question 24

testicular follicle testis

Answer 24

testis - the male reproductive organ that produces sperm, usually present in pairs

Question 25

metabolic insecticide resistance

Answer 25

Resistant insects may detoxify or destroy the toxin faster than susceptible insects, or quickly rid their bodies of the toxic molecules. it is the most common mechanisms

Question 26

V-ATPase H+ pump

Answer 26

acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pump protons across the plasma membranes of numerous cell types.

Question 27

senescence

Answer 27

the condition or process of deterioration with age.

Question 28

hygienic behaviors of bees

Answer 28

a heritable trait of individual workers that confers colony-level resistance against various brood diseases. Hygienic workers detect and remove dead or diseased brood from sealed cells. The olfaction genes indicate that the bees need to be able to smell the diseased or dead pupa (or absence of a healthy smell) in order to remove it.

Question 29

female accessory glands

Answer 29

They secrete cement, venoms and lubricants to attach/protect eggs

Question 30

insecticide penetration resistance

Answer 30

occurs when the insect’s outer cuticle develops barriers which can slow absorption of the chemicals into their bodies. This can protect insects from a wide range of insecticides.

Question 31

wolbachia

Answer 31

intracellular bacteria that infect many different types of organs, but are most notable for the infections of the testes and ovaries of their hosts. It is only transmissable though the egg though. They alter host reproduction. it turns unfertilized eggs into diploids, which would then hatch into females. This means that infected females produce daughters from both fertilization and parthenogenesis.

Question 32

sacroplasmic reticula in muscle cells

Answer 32

a complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions in muscle cells.

Question 33

hypoxia response

Question 34

photoperiodism

Answer 34

physiological reaction of organisms to the length of night or a dark period. The seasonal adaptive response mainly takes the form of diapause

Question 35

thermotaxis

Answer 35

movement away or towards a thermal stimulus. Used to thermoregulate

Question 36

olfactory sensilla

Answer 36

a sensory organ used to detect chemicals

Question 37

viviparity & insect example

Answer 37

live birth. Development of the embryo inside the body of the parent.

Eg: Aphids

Question 38

heterotherm

Answer 38

organisms that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it. In other words, they exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeothermy

Question 39

acrosome

Answer 39

an organelle that develops over the anterior (front) half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells). It contains enzymes that digest the egg coating.

Question 40

tympanal organ

Answer 40

hearing organ in insects, consisting of a membrane (tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac and associated sensory neurons. Tympanal organs occur in just about any part of the insect: the thorax, the base of the wing, the abdomen, the legs, etc., depending on the group of insects.

Question 41

accessory pulsatile organ

Answer 41

they supply body appendages with hemolymph. They are indispensable in the open circulatory system for hemolymph exchange in antennae, long mouthparts, legs, wings, and abdominal appendages.

Question 42

anhydrobiosis

Answer 42

induced by desiccation and represents the most widespread form of cryptobiosis. It is defined as an extremely dehydrated state in which organisms do not show any signs of life at the metabolic level but retain the ability to resume life after rehydration

Question 43

three main functions of an an ommatidium

Answer 43

1. adjust the intensity of light

Question 44

Protocerebrum

Answer 44

The anterior and most complex lobe of the brain, subdivided into the protocerebral and optic lobes.

Question 45

Neuropil

Answer 45

any area in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cell processes that forms a synaptically dense region containing a relatively low number of cell bodies. The most prevalent anatomical region of neuropil is the brain